Allergies

Question 1

allergy

Answer 1

immune system reacts to something it’s not supposed to react to

• adverse reaction to a harmless material

Question 2

allergy symptoms

Answer 2

• cold-like symptoms
• cough
• geographic tongue
• contact dermatitis (hives, rash, blisters)

Question 3

poison ivy

Answer 3

blisters don’t touch the area, the oil can spread

Question 4

Latex

Answer 4

From rubber tree sap
- gloves, condoms

Question 5

Nickel

Answer 5

Common
added to other metals to make them stronger: belt buckle, button, money

piercings!! -> stainless steel

Question 6

Henna

Answer 6

allergy to henna tattoos - sap from a plant

Question 7

dust allergy

Answer 7

allergic to mite droppings
- mattresses get heavier

Question 8

Pet allergies

Answer 8

most reactions are to pet saliva

Question 9

Food allergy vs. Intolerance

Answer 9

Allergy: The immune system reacts to the food (4% of adults)
Intolerance: substances in the food produce an adverse reaction (30% of adults

Question 10

Lactose intolerance

Answer 10

unable to digest one of the sugars in milk (lactose)

supplement = lactase which converts lactose to glucose, lactate breaks it our so you don’t have the issue

Question 11

What are some physical signs of allergy?

Answer 11

dark under-eye bags
- Long-term stimulation of an inflammatory response which produces the darkness/puffiness

Question 12

Gluten

Answer 12

it is a filler/thickener
- protein found in cereal
- in wheat (1 in 500 people)
- processed foods

Celiac disease:
- <1% of pop
- most undiagnosed
- gluten-free diet: lifelong, strict adherence

people now choose to have a gluten-free diet even without ana llergy

Question 13

Peanut allergy

Answer 13

Common in NA only
- maybe the way we prepare peanuts in different
- we introduce it to children later on around 2-3 yrs old

peanut-free school in the last 30 yrs

Question 14

Where are allergies most seen?

Answer 14

In the developed world
- rates have doubles since 1980, they increase each year

ex: Hay fever was rare in 1900, but now it’s the most common allergy - allergies are new in the last 50 yrs

Question 15

hygiene hypothesis for allergy

Answer 15

we are too clean, we have eliminated a lot of diseases so our immune system doesn’t have anything to do anymore, reacts to harmless things
- reduced infection = increased allergy

children in daycare = less likely to have allergies
children in large families = less likely to have allergies - older children may have them, but younger ones don’t

east + west berlin -> west berlin was cleaner so more allergies

Question 16

do alergies require memory?

Answer 16

yes it requires prior exposure and immune memory

Mast cells display IgE antibodies, allergins contact the IgE molecules (which act more like a receptor) - when it binds to an allergin it sends info to the mast cell which then explodes and releases histamine which produces the symptoms of the allergy

Question 17

allergy tests

Answer 17

look for reactions, an allergin substance is scrapped on the skin and the pattern of the rash will determine the allergy

Question 18

what’s the best thing to do to avoid food allergy?

Answer 18

AVOIDANCE
processed foods contain a lot of ingredients that may cause allergies ex: the source of starch can vary

making a log book is good and its best to leave OUT processed foods

Question 19

What is antihistimine?

Answer 19

a histamine antagonist - changes shape + blocks the action of histamine

Question 20

Benedryl

Answer 20

Diphenhydramine
- cheap to produce
- makes you sleepy - not always bad, but unintended

Question 21

What is a cool feature of antihistamines?

Answer 21

reduce nausea

GRAVOL:
diphenhydramine = reduces nausea
8-chlorotheophyliine = stlimulant to counteract sleepy

Question 22

first generation vs. second generation

Answer 22

1st: enters the brain which causes the drowsiness and anti-nausea

2nd: circulate the body which don’t make u sleepy but there’s no benefit for nausea

Question 23

Loratadine = 2nd generation

Answer 23

Claritin
it is converted into desloratadine
- prodrug -> converted in the liver

this desloratadine is in aerius which works the same way as claratin

Question 24

What was the first non-drowsy antihistimine?

Answer 24

seldane - contaning terfenadine

Question 25

Drug-drug interaction with Ketoconazole

Answer 25

seldane and keto caused an issue

terfenadine was also a prodrug which converted to fexofenadine
keto deactivates the liver so when terfen couldn’t be converted, it became toxic

Question 26

how can the toxic result of drug-drug interaction be eliminates?

Answer 26

just using the fexofenadine as the drug (allegra)

Question 27

what does reactine contain

Answer 27

cetrizine

Question 28

prices of allergy medecine

Answer 28

generic are more expensive than name brand

COSTCO = MUCH cheaper

Question 29

how could generics jack up the price?

Answer 29

they put them in a package with a fewer number of pills than the name brand to give you the illusion that its chapter

they make sire the number of pills in the package arent easily dividable

Buying in BULK is the best value

Question 30

What other drug can you take for allergive (stuffy)

Answer 30

decongestants - pseudoephedrine

-> SUDAFED prescription

Question 31

What if decongestants dont work?

Answer 31

steroid decongestant
- quiet down the immune system - prescriptions

FLonase = over the counter
- very safe, steroid cause its a 4 ring structure

Question 32

anaphylaxis

Answer 32

very serious! life threatening
- body tries to protect itself and becomes infammed

Question 33

what is used to help anaphylaxis?

Answer 33

Epi-pen + get to hospital quickly
will calm down for a bit, but doesn’t remove it completely

know how to use it, blue to the sky, orange to the thigh

price: 600US for 2 injectors

Question 34

what percentage of allergies progress to asthma?

Answer 34

50%

Question 35

Asthma drugs:

Answer 35

target nerve signals - adrenaline agonist

adrenaline = fight or flight nervous system - airways = important

the drug binds and changes shape of receptor which lets info get transmitted, amplifies information

inhalers amplify the signal to open up airways

Question 36

what is a downside to a high dose of inhaler

Answer 36

increase heart rate which can lead to heart attack

more than 4 pumps a day

Question 37

what type of inhaler cotrols doses?

Answer 37

Flovent

Question 38

what can be used instead of inhalers?

Answer 38

steroid decongestants
- Singulair is a leukotriene antagonist which blocks athsma

Question 39

Singulair

Answer 39

one pill a day - steroid for acute attacks