Pain Flashcards
prescription drug vs OTC
the doctor prescribes vs. you can buy it off the shelf
3 important considerations when taking a drug
safety
- dose makes the drug
- all drugs have side effects - is it easy to find? how common? need to know to evaluate risk
indications
- what do you use the drug for?
counter indications
- when should you not use the drug?
- ex: combining with foods, mixing with other drugs, pregnant
what is aspirins generic name?
acetylsalicylic acid
What’s the history of Aspirin?
started with poisons in plants (salicylates) - willow bark
- in proper doses it can have an effect - reduce pain
- egyptians would use it to reduce inflammation.
Reverant Edward stone prescribed it for fever… he had fever and walked in a forest with willow trees, tried the willow bark and notes it was bitter, a lot like quanine (to treat malaria) - he made a link (doctrine of signatures.
What is the active ingredient in salicylates? and what was done with it?
salicin
it was isolated - 30g per 1.5kg of bark
What was found to be better than salicin? and what did it do? where was it found?
salicylic acid, found in flowers which didn’t provide large quantities
- analgesic
- antipyretic
- antiinflammatory
then a synthetic version of it was created from coal tar - a waste product using a chemical reaction
what was a bad thing about salycilic acid? who fixed it and created aspirin?
stomach irritation.
Felix Hoffmann’s father experienced stomach discomfort and to get rid of this side effect he created aspirin
What was the first artificial drug? What are the side effects?
acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
- stomach irritation (HCl), tinnitus, reduced blood clotting - reduce heart attack risk
what biosynthesis does aspirin use? Describe it.
prostaglandin.
cyclooxygenase is a 3D structure which is an enzyme that works like a converter belt to tell our body to do what it does. Aspirin interferes with this process and blocks the COX machine. the prostaglandin tries to induce pain + inflammation but it can’t when aspirin interferes
who use ASA to make explosives?
Anders Breivik
why does stomach irritation occur with aspirin?
our stomachs contain mucus with the help of prostaglandins and have low levels of acid, but when aspirin is lodged in the stomach it releases a lot of acid causing pain… can cause ulcers
what medecin helps dissolve aspirin?
bufferin, a coating helps too
what disease did children get when taking aspirin?
rye. known to maybe be a side effect for children so was removed from shelves for children’s use
what things do generic and name brands have in common? what is different?
common: dose, quality, bioavailability
different: price
what 2 things convert into acetaminophen in the liver?
antikamina and phenacetin
What does tylenol do?
reduces pain + fever by raising the pain threshold
muscle + viceral pain
what is the main cause of death by these pain killers?
suicide
why are children’s bottles such a low dose?
to prevent overdoses
what happened with the cyanide incident in 1982 and what happened because of it?
capsule to caplet and more plastic seals on the bottle
what two types of Tylenol are the same but have different titles + prices? and which is extra strength with caffeine?
muscle + body and arthritis
migraine
what is the active ingredient in advil and motrin? and what does it do?
ibuprophen. blocks COX
which is exactly like extra strength ibuprofen?
migraine
do tylenol and advil counteract one another? why?
no, one blocks, one raises threshold
what medecine is really good for inflammation? but expensive.
Naproxen (aleve)
explain the VIOXX story with COX 1 and COX 2
COX 1: dec in stomach mucucs, clotting, ulcers
COX 2: reduces pain, fever, inflammtion
