Pain

Question 1

prescription drug vs OTC

Answer 1

the doctor prescribes vs. you can buy it off the shelf

Question 2

3 important considerations when taking a drug

Answer 2

safety
- dose makes the drug
- all drugs have side effects - is it easy to find? how common? need to know to evaluate risk

indications
- what do you use the drug for?

counter indications
- when should you not use the drug?
- ex: combining with foods, mixing with other drugs, pregnant

Question 3

what is aspirins generic name?

Answer 3

acetylsalicylic acid

Question 4

What’s the history of Aspirin?

Answer 4

started with poisons in plants (salicylates) - willow bark
- in proper doses it can have an effect - reduce pain
- egyptians would use it to reduce inflammation.
Reverant Edward stone prescribed it for fever… he had fever and walked in a forest with willow trees, tried the willow bark and notes it was bitter, a lot like quanine (to treat malaria) - he made a link (doctrine of signatures.

Question 5

What is the active ingredient in salicylates? and what was done with it?

Answer 5

salicin
it was isolated - 30g per 1.5kg of bark

Question 6

What was found to be better than salicin? and what did it do? where was it found?

Answer 6

salicylic acid, found in flowers which didn’t provide large quantities
- analgesic
- antipyretic
- antiinflammatory
then a synthetic version of it was created from coal tar - a waste product using a chemical reaction

Question 7

what was a bad thing about salycilic acid? who fixed it and created aspirin?

Answer 7

stomach irritation.
Felix Hoffmann’s father experienced stomach discomfort and to get rid of this side effect he created aspirin

Question 8

What was the first artificial drug? What are the side effects?

Answer 8

acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
- stomach irritation (HCl), tinnitus, reduced blood clotting - reduce heart attack risk

Question 9

what biosynthesis does aspirin use? Describe it.

Answer 9

prostaglandin.

cyclooxygenase is a 3D structure which is an enzyme that works like a converter belt to tell our body to do what it does. Aspirin interferes with this process and blocks the COX machine. the prostaglandin tries to induce pain + inflammation but it can’t when aspirin interferes

Question 10

who use ASA to make explosives?

Answer 10

Anders Breivik

Question 11

why does stomach irritation occur with aspirin?

Answer 11

our stomachs contain mucus with the help of prostaglandins and have low levels of acid, but when aspirin is lodged in the stomach it releases a lot of acid causing pain… can cause ulcers

Question 12

what medecin helps dissolve aspirin?

Answer 12

bufferin, a coating helps too

Question 13

what disease did children get when taking aspirin?

Answer 13

rye. known to maybe be a side effect for children so was removed from shelves for children’s use

Question 14

what things do generic and name brands have in common? what is different?

Answer 14

common: dose, quality, bioavailability
different: price

Question 15

what 2 things convert into acetaminophen in the liver?

Answer 15

antikamina and phenacetin

Question 16

What does tylenol do?

Answer 16

reduces pain + fever by raising the pain threshold
muscle + viceral pain

Question 17

what is the main cause of death by these pain killers?

Answer 17

suicide

Question 18

why are children’s bottles such a low dose?

Answer 18

to prevent overdoses

Question 19

what happened with the cyanide incident in 1982 and what happened because of it?

Answer 19

capsule to caplet and more plastic seals on the bottle

Question 20

what two types of Tylenol are the same but have different titles + prices? and which is extra strength with caffeine?

Answer 20

muscle + body and arthritis

migraine

Question 21

what is the active ingredient in advil and motrin? and what does it do?

Answer 21

ibuprophen. blocks COX

Question 22

which is exactly like extra strength ibuprofen?

Answer 22

migraine

Question 23

do tylenol and advil counteract one another? why?

Answer 23

no, one blocks, one raises threshold

Question 24

what medecine is really good for inflammation? but expensive.

Answer 24

Naproxen (aleve)

Question 25

explain the VIOXX story with COX 1 and COX 2

Answer 25

COX 1: dec in stomach mucucs, clotting, ulcers

COX 2: reduces pain, fever, inflammtion