Sports Flashcards
what was the drug that Ben Johnson took? who created it
Stanozolol - John Manson
won gold at the Seoul olympics and 3 days later tested + for enhancing drugs
Barry Bonds - 762 home-runs
He was associated with a company involved with performance enhancing drugs
- one year after his record, his contract expired and he was refused reinstatement and no one signed him
What happened to Marion Jones?
She was an olympic athelete who’s husband was associated with the same company as Barry so she was s suspected to taking drugs
she refused but when she admitted her gold medals got removed and she spent 6 months in jail for lying
What did ancient olympic athletes take as drugs, why did they keep it a secret?
they would use plants, herbs, and potions
they didn’t tell anyone for the advantage, they were encouraged to take them
Where did the term “dop” come from?
from the zulu warriors alcoholic drink (pre-ritual to get ready to fight)
Who were the first being to start doping?
Horses in horse racing… however it would work in the opposite direction of what we see doping as today
They would use dope to slow down fast horses in order for to win. The more people that vote, the less money you get… no one will vote for a slow horse, so if u slow the fast ones and the slow ones win… you win
What was the first-ever dope test?
collecting saliva from the horses to detect substances
What substances were used to enhance endurance in cycling?
caffeine, cocaine, alcohol -> not effective
nitroglycerine + strychnine -> could if it doesn’t kill you - could purchase in stores
What were the conditions of the Olympic marathon in 1904 in St.Louis?
hot + humid
no paved roads
NO water -> they thought it would be bad for cramps
What is the story of Thomas Hicks?
he passed out during the marathon, his trainer and manager dragged him to the side, fed him alcohol + egg whites+ striptum
he was revived and collapsed 4 more times -> he won and bragged about drugs
-> different historical attitude
What is adrenaline and why is it not ideal to take as a drug?
a substance in our bodies was made into a drug to pump up adrenaline
not ideal: short duration of action + it’s not drug-like, I.V injection
What did Gordon Alles discover?
that amphetamine could be an artificial drug
- he noticed it dried up his sinuses and could be a decongestant
side effect: no sleep
What was the use of methamphetamine during WW2?
Nazi’s used it in the war to stay awake and focus - Pervitin
What happened when RH Winfield compared them both with caffeine?
all of them were effective but had different side effects
caffeine gave the shakes - not good
meth and amphetamines - aggressive + no fear = good
What was amphetamines sold for?
pick me up drug
What happened to Jensen and Tom Simpson when he used amphetamines instead of water?
Jensen
he passed out, lost consciousness and got into an accident + died
- he caused a situation that led to his death
Simpson:
- died from dehydration + heatstroke
hot + no water
Describe the involuntary nerves pathways and which is amphetamine similar to?
top: sympathetic - fight or flight
- higher HR, breathing, muscles
bottom: maintenence
it is similar to the top - it articifially activated fight or flight
- amphetamine pushes beyond the limit of adrenaline - makes us not tired
What year did the olympics restrict drug use? What was the reason? when was the first drig testing and what happened? (Hans)
1967
for health reasons
1968: Hans had beer with lunch, the drig testing company tested for everything and said he had a positive test even though alcohol wasn’t on the list
what did charles eduard do and what discovery came from it?
he injected himself with dog testicles to imrove his sexual performance
they notices that internal secretion (hormones) regulated physiology - treat organs with itself (DOS)
– bull testes = – testosterone
40 kg = 20mg
What did they use for the semi-synthesis of testosterone?
cholesterol
Who did john Ziegler have dinner with? what came from it?
He had dinner with soviet trainers who found out about testosterone and its benefits
- he brought the idea back to the US and made an artificial version of it
what do anabolic + androgenic steroids do?
anabolic: mucle, strength, bone growth
androgenic: secondary sec characteristics
Anabolic steroid
has lower side effects, used in hospitals for patients losing muscle mass, Arnold Schwarzenegger
What happened with the German swim team?
They won 11/13 medals, and the media noticed, that the girls were hairy, had deep voices- led to steroids being banned in 1977
How does the GC/MS work to test drugs?
it sort the mixture based on chemicals and their molecular components (ex: weight)
first the mixture enters a tube and sorts the molecules using speed, some are sticky, some aren’t so the sticky ones are slower - speed + time - peaks = one component crossing the finish line and more of the component = taller peak
identifies what is in each pile by weighing the molecules (mass spectrometer)- throws them into a magnetic field, and depending on the charge it flies and how far it flies determines the weight (light = far)
we then get a finger print of the molecule based on this that can be matched to the finger print of a known drug
what ratio does the Olympics look at? how did they mask the drugs to create a normal ratio (3 things)?
testosterone : epitestosterone (1:1)
- they would inject more epitestosterone
- they would use diuretics to mask steroid amounts by adding substances
- Urine switching in some cases, empty bladder + inject w someone else’s urine
Modern semi-synthesis of steroids uses what?
diosgenin which comes from mexican yams, (dios -> progesterone -> testosterone)
How can we differentiate natural substances and steroids?
by looking at isotopes, plants have a different amount of carbon13 than animals, so Floyd Landis was a plant… how they caught him (11:1)
What are designer steroids?
they avoid detection (don’t have a matching fingerprint)
the desire to win makes drugs dangerous, they don’t know the source all the time
ex: tetrahydragestrinone
What is RBC production controlled by?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What do endurance athletes benefit from/ what did they notice helped with this?
they benefit from increased O2 capacity
people who trinaed at higher altitudes did better at the olympics - the air in thinner so the body has to make more RBC = higher O2 capacity
What is blood doping?
removing blood, waiting 3 months to replace RBC and then added the blood back to have an increased amount
what did the UFC do for blood doping? what was the Inn called?
They didn’t have 3 months to wait so they got family members to be blood donors (Ramada Inn)
not safe: HIV so banned it in 1985
What was the solution to the inability of chemically synthesize EPO?
Recombinant protein
- genetically engineering human protein in bacteria/yeast
They insert a human gene into a bacteria
DNA = info storage device and cells use DNA to make protein
- The organism reads the gene that makes the protein and folds it into the right shape
if you insert a human gene into an artificial chromosome (plasmid) which is put into a bacteria it will make protein
Were reconbinant EPO’s abused? when were they banned?
yes, 18 cyclists died to heart attachs, took too large of a dose
1990
Are EPO’s easy to detect today
we can detect them using antibodies but it’s not easy to do its easy to hide them
What did Lance Armstrong do?
He was accused of using EPO and his tests were negative, but he fessed up on Oprah and admitted he did use it.
