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Semester 1 - Tissues of the Body > TOB Session 3 - Cell Ultra-structure > Flashcards

TOB Session 3 - Cell Ultra-structure Flashcards

1
Q

Define the limit of resolution

A

The minimum distance two objects can be distinguished at

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2
Q

What is limit of resolution proportional to?

A

Wavelength

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3
Q

What is the theoretical limit of resolution for a light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometres

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4
Q

What is the theoretical limit of resolution for an electron microscope?

A

0.002nm

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5
Q

What is A?

A

Bilipid membrane

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6
Q

What feature of the phospholipid bi layer structure makes it selective, and in what way?

A

Phospholipid molecules are ampipathic - Hydrophillic phosphate groups on outside, hydrophobic lipids on inside.

This means they are relatively impermeable to most water soluble molecules.

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7
Q

What feature of phospholipid bilayer allows it to mediate the majority of its functions?

A

Protein molecules dissolved within the membrane

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8
Q

What is H?

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

What is the structure of the golgi?

A

Saucer shaped stacks of cisternae

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10
Q

How do vesicles get to golgi, and where do they fuse?

A

Bud off from Rough Endoplasmic reticulum and fuse with the convex cis face of the golgi body

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11
Q

What feature of golgi bodies allows proteins to move through it?

A

Its polarity

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12
Q

In which direction do protein migrate through golgi?

A

From convex cis phase to the the concave trans face of the stack

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13
Q

What are the four function of the golgi?

A

Modify, sort, concentrate and package proteins synthesised on rough endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

What two destinations do vesicles budding from the golgi have?

A

Either lysosome assembly or secretion

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15
Q

What is the glycocalyx, and what is their function?

A

The cell “coat made up of oligosaccharide and polysaccharide side chains on the outiside of the plasma membrane

Give the cell specificity

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16
Q

What are the 7 functions of the plasma membrane of a cell?

A

Selective permeability

Transport of materials along the cell surface

Endocytosis

Intracellular recognitio

Exocytosis

Signal transduction

Intercellular adhesion

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17
Q

What is F, and what are its two major functions?

A

Nucleus

1) Stores the cells DNA
2) It coordinates the cell’s activities, metaolism, growth, protein synthesis an mitosis

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18
Q

What does most of the nuclear material consist of, and what does it form during mitosis?

A

Chromatin, the unstructured for of the cell’s DNA. Organises to form chromosomes during mitosis.

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19
Q

What is G?

A

The nuclear envelope, a double layered membrane that sepaerates the contents of the nucleus from the cellular cytoplasm.

20
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores withing the nuclear envelope?

A

They allows specific types and sizes of molecules to pass back and forth between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

21
Q

What is the nuclear membrane attached to?

A

A series of tubules called the endoplasmic reticulum

22
Q

What is E and what is its function?

A

Nucleolus, an organelle that synthesises protein producing macromolecular structure called ribosomes.

23
Q

What is D and what is its function?

A

Ribosomes, site of translation and also the unit used for protein synthesis.

24
Q

What is x, and what is it continuous with?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is continuous with the nuclear envelope.

25
Q

When does a ribosome bind to RER?

A

When it begins to synthesis a protein destined for the secretory pathway

26
Q

Give two major functions of the RER

A

Lsosomal enzymes with a mannose-6-phosphate marker added in the cis-golgi network

Secreted proteins, either secreted constitutively or regulated

Initial glycosylation - N linked

27
Q

What cells are smooth ER found in and what are their functions?

A

iver and mammary gland, and in the ovaries testes and adrenal glands

Assist in lipid and steroid synthesis

28
Q

What is L?

A

Lysosome

29
Q

What do lysosomes contain, and how do they protect themselves against their contents?

A

They contain acid hydrolysases at pH 5. Lysosomal membrane proteins are highly glycosylated for protection from these enzymes.

30
Q

What do primary lysosomes fuse with?

A

Membrane bound vesicles, autophagosomes (defunct organelles) or with excess secretory product to form secondary lysosomes in which contents are degraded.

31
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Major site of oxygen utilisation and H202 production

32
Q

What utilises H202 produced from peroxisomes, and to what effect?

A

Enzyme catalase utilises H202 to oxidise other substancs such as alcohol (half alcohol we drink oxidsed to acetaldehyde)

33
Q

What is interesting about peroxisome reproduction?

A

Self replicating, but no genome of their own

34
Q

Why are peroxisomes most present?

A

In kidney tubules and liver parenchymal cells, where they detoxify toxic molecules in blood stream

35
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondrion?

A

Double membrane with innermembrane thrown into distincy folds called cistae which are usually lamellar

36
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

Generation of energy rich ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylatoion

37
Q

What are the main substrates of mitochondria?

A

Glucose and fatty acids

38
Q

What does the matrix of mitochondria contain?

A

Enzymes involved in krebs and fatty acid cycles, DNA, RNA, ribosomes and calcium granules

39
Q

How can mitochondria divide?

A

Have their own genetic material

40
Q

Where do humans inherit mitochondria from?

A

Maternal line

41
Q

Give four functions of a cell cytoskeleton

A

Structural support or the plasma membrane and cell organelles

Means of movement for organelles, plasma membrane and other cytosol constituents

Locomotor mechanisms for amoeboid movements (e.g lymphocytes) and for cilia and flagella

Contractability in cells of spcialised tissues (muscles)

42
Q

Give four features of microfilaments

A

5nm diameter

Two strings of actin twisted together

Associated with ATP (contractile)

Cann assemble and dissociate (dynamic)

43
Q

Give four features of intermediate filaments

A

Not dynamic

10-12 nm diamete

Common in nerve and neurological cells

Also common in epithelial cells that are made of cytokeratin. Form tough suporting meshworks in cytoplasm.

44
Q

Give four features of microtubules

A

Thirteen alpha and beta subunits polymerise to form wall of the hollow microtubules

They originate from the centrosome

Found at sites where structures in cells are moved (mitotic spindle, for instance)

Attachment proteins can attach to organelles and move them along the microtubule

(movement of chromosomes along mitotic spindles - classic example)

45
Q
A

Semester 1 - Tissues of the Body (16 decks)

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