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Semester 1 - Tissues of the Body > (6,7) TOB Bacteria and Viruses > Flashcards

(6,7) TOB Bacteria and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is infection?

A

The multiplication/colonisation of a pathogenic microbe on/in a susceptible host with associated dysfunction/damage.

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2
Q

What causes infection?

A

Pathogenic microbes

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3
Q

What three stipulations are used to determine whether a pathogen causes a disease?

A
  • The agent must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by isolation in pure culture
  • The agent must not be found in cases of other disease
  • Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in experimental animals, and must be recovered from the experimental disease produced.
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4
Q

Why do particular individuals get particular infections?

A
  • Weakened immune systems
  • Poor nutrition
  • Poor living circumstances
  • No access to health care (vaccinations)
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Lifestyle (e.g. STDs)
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5
Q

What influences the outcome of infection?

A

The host’s immune system, the affected body systems and the drugs used.

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6
Q

What are the key properties of a Eukaryote?

A 
No cell wall
No envelope
No capsid
Membrane bound organelles
Nucleus
DNA and RNA
No pili or flagella
No reverse transcriptase
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7
Q

What are the key properties of a Bacterium?

A 
Peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide cell wall
No capsid
No membrane bound organelles
No nucleus – Circular DNA
DNA and RNA
Pili, flagella
No reverse transcriptase
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8
Q

What are the key features of a virus?

A 
Can be enveloped
No organelles – obligate intracellular parasites
Can have capsids
DNA or RNA
No pili or flagella
Can have reverse transcriptase
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9
Q

What does gram staining allow us to do?

A

detect and begin to classify most bacteria

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10
Q

What are the two classifications of bacteria within gram staining?

A

. Bacteria can be classified as Gram positive or negative depending on its cell wall.

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11
Q

What colour are gram negative bacteria in a Gram stain and vice versa?

A

Gram negative bacteria are stained red whereas Gram positive bacteria are blue after staining.

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12
Q

Describe the process of gram staining

A
  • Positively charged crystal violet binds to negatively charged cell components
  • Iodine forms a large molecular complex with crystal violet
  • Acetone or methanol extract the complexes through the Gram-negative cell wall but not through the Gram-positive
  • A red dye is used to stain the now unstained Gram-negative cells
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13
Q

What do acid fast stains allow us to do?

A

detect the bacterial causes of tuberculosis and leprosy (mycobacteria) – bacteria that cannot be identified by gram staining.

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14
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

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15
Q

What is a non pathogen and what roles do they peform?

A

a bacterium that doesn’t cause disease. Many non-pathogens perform essential ecological roles.

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16
Q

What is the significance of genome compositon in the classification and detection of viruses?

A

RNA viruses are more likely to mutate, as RNA is less stable. DNA more stable.

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17
Q

What is the significance of a viral envelope, and whether it is present for the classification and detection of viruses?

A

If a virus has an envelope it’s more easily sterilised as if holes are punched in the envelope the virus cannot survive

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18
Q

What is the significance of replication strategy for classification and detection of viruses?

A

RNA viruses can use reverse transcriptase (HIV), DNA viruses can use cell machinery (HPV), or a virus can carry its own replication enzymes.

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19
Q

Classify Hepatitis B virus and give disease association

A

DNA Enveloped

Inflamed liver

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20
Q

Classify Herpes virus and give disease association

A

DNA Enveloped

Oral/genital

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21
Q

Classify smallpox virus and give disease association

A

DNA enveloped

Smallpox

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22
Q

Classify and give disease association of HPV

A

DNA non-enveloped

Warts, Cervical Cancer

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23
Q

Classify and give disease association of HIV

A

RNA enveloped

AIDS

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24
Q

Classify and give disease association of Rubella

A

RNA enveloped

Rash, congenital rubella syndrome

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25
Q

Classify and give disease association of Rota virus

A

RNA enveloped

Diarrhoea

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26
Q

Classify and give disease association of Coronavirus

A

RNA enveloped

SARS

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27
Q

Classify and give disease association of Polio

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord

RNA non-enveloped

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28
Q

Classify and give disease association of Hepatitis A

A

RNA non-enveloped

Liver disease

29
Q

Give gram reaction and disease association of Staphylococcus aureus

A

+’ve
Abscesses, toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning. If organisms enter the bloodstream they may cause endocarditis and osteomyelitis.

30
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Streptococcus pyogenes

A 
\+’ve
Necrotising fasciitis (flesh easting bacteria)
31
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Group B Streptococci

A

+’ve

Neonatal sepsis and meningitis

32
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

+’ve

Pneumonia (also meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis)

33
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Clostridium perfingens

A

+’ve

Gas gangrene

34
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Clostridium difficile

A

+’ve

Antibiotic associated diarrhoea (can lead to pseudomembranous colitis)

35
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Neisseria meningitidis

A

-‘ve

Septicaemia and meningitis

36
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Neisseria gonorrhoea

A

-‘ve

Gonorrhoea, which can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and epididymitis

37
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Escherichia coli

A

-‘ve

Watery diarrhoea, acute renal failure (haemolytic-uremic syndrome)

38
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Salmonella spp.

A

-‘ve

Gastroenteritis, typhoid fever

39
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Shigella

A

-‘ve

Dysentery, bloody diarrhoea (is closely related to E.coli)

40
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

-‘ve

Generalised inflammation, sepsis

41
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Legionella spp.

A

-‘ve
Pontiac fever, Legionnaire’s disease (legionellosis)
- acute influenza or pneumonia

42
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Helicobacter pylori

A

-‘ve

Causal role in peptic ulcers, especially duodenal

43
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Bacteroides spp.

A

-‘ve

Abcesses, lesions

44
Q

Gram reaction and disease for Chlamydia spp.

A

-‘ve

Chlamydia

45
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Acid Fast

Tuberculosis

46
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Acid Fast

Leprosy

47
Q

What are the two methods of identifying bacteria?

A

Gram Stain and Acid Fast

48
Q

DNA enveloped viruses?

A

Hepatitis B
Herpes
Smallpox

49
Q

DNA non-enveloped viruses?

A

HPV

50
Q

RNA enveloped viruses?

A

HIV
Rubella
Rotavirus
Coronavirus

51
Q

RNA non-enveloped viruses?

A

Polio

Hepatitis A

52
Q

Which antibiotics target the cell wall?

A 
Penicillin
Amoxicillin
Flucloxacillin
Cephalexin
Vancomycin
53
Q

Which antibiotics target protein synthesis?

A

Gentamicin
Erythromycin
Tetracycline

54
Q

Which antibiotics target antifolates?

A

Trimethoprim

Metronidazole

55
Q

Which antibiotic targets RNA polymerase?

A

Rifampicin

56
Q

Which antibiotic targets DNA?

A

Ciprofloxacin

57
Q

Antibiotics in Beta-Lactams group?

A

Penicillin
Amoxicillin
Flucloxacillin
Cephalexin

58
Q

Antibiotics in glycopeptide group?

A

Vancomycin

59
Q

Antibiotic in Macrolide group?

A

Erythromycin

60
Q

Antibiotic in polypeptide group?

A

Tetracycline

61
Q

Antibiotic in chemotheraputic group?

A

Ciprofloxacin

62
Q

What habitats can microbes occupy?

A 
Soil
Air
Bodily fluids
Animals
Plants
Humans
63
Q

Define Reservoir

A

Any person, plant, animal, soil or substance in which an infectious agent lives

64
Q

Define source

A

Readily available form of an infective agent

65
Q

Define mode of transmission

A

Ingestion, inhalation, physical contact, inoculation, sexual transmission

66
Q

Define carriage

A

Passage taken by microorganism

67
Q

Define normal flora

A

Non-pathogenic bacteria found in our bodies

E.g. In the gut

68
Q

Define commensal

A

Symbiotic relationship where one species (microbe) benefits from the relationship and the host is unaffected
– when microbe is replicating or waiting for immune system to be compromised

69
Q

Where is lipopolysaccharide found?

A

In the outermembrane

– would give a gram negative stain result

Semester 1 - Tissues of the Body (16 decks)

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