(18) TOB Blood cells and Haemopoiesis

Question 1

Proliferation

Answer 1

Starting with a stem cell, the cell divides into two. One to replace the original stem cell (self-renewal) and one that differentiates.

Question 2

What is a haemopoietic progenitor?

Answer 2

A cell which differentiates into either a myeloid blast (RBC, WBC, platelets) or a lymphoid blast (immunoresponse cell).

Question 3

What cell influences the differentiation of the two blast cell?

Answer 3

Cytokines

Question 4

What is the name of the cell which causes the differentiation of a myeloid blast into an RBC?

Answer 4

Erythopoietin

Question 5

What is the name of the cell which causes the differentiation of a myeloid blast into a platelet?

Answer 5

Thrombopoietin

Question 6

How is erythropoiesis controlled?

Answer 6

By partial pressure of O2 in interstitial peritubular cells in kidney- low pO2 stimulates erythropoietin production, which influences differentiation of myeloid stemm cells into erythrocytes (rbc)

Question 7

What two things do lymphoid stem cells differentiate into?

Answer 7

Progenitors and thymus cells

Question 8

How are early blood cells held in the bone marrow?

Answer 8

By adhesion molecules, collagen and fibronectin.

Question 9

How many types of white blood cell are there?

Answer 9

5

Question 10

What is the name of A, and what are its three functions?

Answer 10

Neutrophil

• Migrate out of circulation to site of infection (chemotaxis)
• Phagocytosis
• Increased production by G-CSF (Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor)

Question 11

What is the name of B, and what are its two functions?

Answer 11

Eosinophils

• Capable of phagocytosis
• Release cytotoxic particles to damage larger particles

Question 12

What is the name of C, and what is its single function?

Answer 12

Basophil

• Mediate acute inflammatory reactions using heparin and histamine

Question 13

What is D, and what are its two functions?

Answer 13

Monocyte

• Migrate to become macrophages in many organs of the body
• Capable of phagocytosis and interact with T cells

Question 14

What is E, and what are its two functions?

Answer 14

Lymphocytes

• B: humoral immunity. Stimulated by antigens, transform into plasma cells, which secrete immunoglobins.
• T: cellular immunity. Express CD4 or CD8 on cell surface. CD4 helper cells stimulate cytotoxic CD8 cells and permit transformation of B cells to plasma cells.

Question 15

What does the diagram show?

Answer 15

Neutrophils

Question 16

What does the diagram show?

Answer 16

Monocyte

Question 17

What does the diagram show?

Answer 17

Eosinophil

Question 18

What does the diagram show?

Answer 18

Basophil

Question 19

What are the three types of the big cell shown in the diagram?

Answer 19

B Cell, T cell, Natural killer cell

Question 20

What is this and what does it produce?

Answer 20

Megakaryocyte

platelets

Question 21

What are the five structural features of an erythrocyte?

Answer 21

• Biconcave disc
• 4 globin chains (2 & 2)
• Each molecule carries a haem
• No nucleus
• No mitochondria, generate ATP via Embden Meyerhof pathway

Question 22

How is the structure of an erythrocyte adapted to its function?

Answer 22

• Structure allows it to change shape, in order to cooperatively modify its affinity with O2