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Med 2024-2028 > TOB L2 > Flashcards

TOB L2 Flashcards

1
Q

State the four fundamental classifications of tissues

A

Epithelial tissue - glands = modified epithelia
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the “gold standard” of diagnosis?

A

For many diseases, treatment does not begin until histopathologists have given diagnosis

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3
Q

What factors allow doctors to suspect a patient having lung cancer?

A
  1. Loss of appetite and weight
  2. Haemoptysis (coughing up blood)
  3. Chest X-Ray shadow (area on X-Ray where density of the tissues appears different from surrounding areas)
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4
Q

What is a “Biopsy” ?

A

Sample of tissue removed from body for examination under microscope.

HISTOLOGY

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5
Q

Lung Cancer Histology

A

Diagram L2

Normal Lung
Patient’s Biopsy

Characteristics of cells in small lung caner:

  1. NUCLEAR MORPHOLOGY: nuclei of cancer cells more distinct
  2. SCANT CYTOPLASM: very little cytoplasm present in cells of small lung cancer

SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER

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6
Q

Histology

A
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7
Q

Describe effective treatments for a malignant melanoma

A

Early diagnosis and excission (surgical removement of affected tissue, can only be done at early stages, prevents progression of disease) is the only effective treatment.

Chemotherapy + radiotherapy are inneffective in more advanced disease

Tarrgeted therapy: BRAF inhibitor called vemurafenib increases survival by 6 months

Primary surgical excission of a suspected lesion performed with a 2 mm margin.

If diagnosis is positive, then rapid further excission is required. This time with a larger margin around the original scar - 2cm margin around original scar

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8
Q

Describe Breslow Thickness

A

Measures depth of melanoma invasion from the granular layer of epidermis

The higher bewslow thickness, reduced chances of survival

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9
Q

Describe the process of studying tissue

A
  1. Collection - collection of tissue sample (BIOPSY)
    2 Fixation - chemical preservation of the tissue
  2. Embedding and Processing - dehydration + solidification of tissue
  3. Sectioning - Cutting of the solidified tissue
  4. Staning - colouring of the tissue section
  5. Viewing / Analysis - microscopic viewing of stained tissue
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10
Q

State the definition of a biopsy

A

The removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ or part of the body for microscopic examination

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11
Q

State examples of biopsy proceadures

A
  1. Smear biopsy - targets cervic, buccal cavity (inside of cheek)
  2. Curettage Biopsy - endometrial lining of uterus
  3. Needle Biopsy - Brain, Brest, Liver, Kidney, Muscle
  4. Direct incision biopsy - skin, mouth, larynx + others
  5. Endoscopic Biopsy - targets: Lung, intestine, bladder, other internal organs
  6. Transvascular Biopsy- Heart, Liver
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12
Q

Describe the process of H&E staining

A

Allows us to see cell structures using microscope.
Involves 2 key dyes:
1. Haematoxylin
2. Eosin

Haematoxylin:
1. Basic Dye
2. Stains acidic components of cells PURPLE/BLUE - including NUCLEOLUS (rRNA), CHROMATIN (DNA) -
(both structures are BASOPHILIC - stains with haematoxylin)

Eosin
1. Acidic dye
2. Stains basic components of cells different shades of pink including
CYTOPLASMIC PROTEINS + EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINS (e.g. collagen) - they are eosinophilic

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13
Q

H&E staining histology

A
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14
Q

H&E staining histology

A

Heterochromatin - tightly packed DNA, more intense heamatoxylin staining (cells are in low transcriptional activity)

Euchromatin - Unravelled DNA - less intense haematoxylin staining - mostly at periphery of nucleus + nucleolus - cells in high transcriptional activity

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15
Q

H&E staining histology

A

What is a “Nissl Substance” ?
RER + free ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis
Abundant in nerve cells, motor neurones
BASOPHILIC
“Appear as basophilic granular areas”

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16
Q

Define Chromatolysis

A

Disintergration of nissl bodies following motor neurone injury

17
Q

Pancreas H&E stain, medium power

A

Non-staining arreas = fat droplets (adipose)

18
Q

Special stains

A

Kidney - Periodic acdi Schiff (PAS)
Intestinal Villi - PAS
Lung - Elastic Van Gieson
Colon: Masson’s trichrome

19
Q

Describe the staining process to view the kidneys on a cellular level

A

PAS - periodic acid Schiff
Stains carbohydrates + glycoproteins magenta

20
Q

Describe the staining process to view the intestinal villi on a cellular level

A

Goblet cell - with magenta - staining mucus

21
Q

Describe the staining process to view the lungs on a cellular level

A

Elastic Van Gieson
- shows pulmonary artery (A)
- shows pulmonary vein (B)

elastin stains black
collagen stains pink-red
smooth muscle stains tan4

22
Q

Describe the staining process to view the colon on a cellular level

A

Masson’s trichrome

Stains connective tissue (collagen) blue
Stains muscle red / brown

Med 2024-2028 (56 decks)

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