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Med 2024-2028 > HADPOP > Flashcards

HADPOP Flashcards

1
Q

Inverse care law

A

Availibility of good medical care
Inversely proportional to population need

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2
Q

Routine surveillance

A

Ongoing systematic monitoring + collection of data on regular basis

To detect changes / trends in specific area

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3
Q

Ad-hoc samples

A

Samples collected in non-systematic manner

Based on covenience

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4
Q

Census

A

Simultaneous recording of demographic data

By govt, specific time

All individuals in area

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5
Q

Fecundity

A

Biological capacity to produce offspring

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6
Q

Fertility

A

actual reproductive performance

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7
Q

Chance

A

Unpredictable occurence of events
No deliberate influence

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8
Q

UK Notifiable diseases

A

Specific infectious diseases
Must report to public health authorities (LEGAL)

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9
Q

Verbal autopsies

A

Gathering info regarding persons death,

By speaking to family members

To reconstruct medical history

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10
Q

Cross Sectional Study

A

Research designb
Info from specific population
Specific time
Examine relationship between 2 variables

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11
Q

Correlation coefficient

How can we interpret the value?

A

Summary statistic
Strength of relationship between 2 variables

-1 to +1
-1: perfect negative correlation
+1: pefect positive correlation

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12
Q

Reservoir

A

Host in which pathogen can reside, replicate + transmit

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13
Q

Vector

A

Organism that transmits pathogen from infected host to susceptible host

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14
Q

Efficiency

A

Allocation of limited resources
To meet healthcare needs
Maximise outcomes

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15
Q

Equity

A

Fair distrobution of benefits within population

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16
Q

Health

A

Absence of disease

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17
Q

Health inequalities

A

Unfair variations in health

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18
Q

Health needs assesment

A

Systematic analysis of health needs of population to inform healthcare team

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19
Q

Placebo

A

Inert substance identical to active substance

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20
Q

Retrospective studies

A

Examine data from past records

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21
Q

Prospective studies

A

Collect data moving forward in real time

MORE COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF OUTCOMES

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

State 3 advantages of routine data

A
  1. Readily available
  2. Cheap
  3. Establish baseline
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24
Q

State 3 disadvantages of routine data

A

Bias
Poorly presented
Delay between collection + publications

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25
Q

Give 7 examples of routine data

A
  1. Census
  2. Birth notification
  3. Birth registration
  4. Public health England
  5. Death certification]
  6. Death registration
26
Q

Give 3 reasons why routine data is collected

A
  1. Clarify cause of death
  2. Pattern in mortality rates
  3. Identify health problems
27
Q

What is the purpose of Bradford Hill’s Criteria?
What are the criteria?

A

Measure strength of evidence
+ Relationship between exposure + outome

  1. Specificity association
  2. Strength assocation
  3. Consistency of finding
  4. Biological plausibility
  5. Analogy
  6. Temporal sequence
  7. Dose response
  8. Reversibility

PNEUMONIC:
Sexy
Shaurya
Can’t
Be
Arsed
To
Do
Revision

28
Q

What type of study is a survey?

A

Cross sectional study

29
Q

State 2 purposes of surveys

A
  1. Measure outcome
  2. Measure risk factors
30
Q

State two advantages of surveys

A
  1. Cheap, quick
  2. Clarifies population health needs
31
Q

State two disadvantages of surveys

A

Cannot detect temporality
Bias (SELECTION BIAS)

32
Q

What is incidence?
How do we work out the INCIDENCE RATE?

How do we work out incidence risk?

A

No. new events (NEW CASES IN DEFINDED POPULATION) in time period

no. new cases of disease in given time period / total pop at risk at same time period

no. new cases of disease in given time perioid / n. disease free persons at beginning of time period

33
Q

What is prevalence?

Point prevalence?

A

No. cases of disease in given population at any set time

no. existing cases of condition at spepcifc time / total pop at specifc time

34
Q

What is perioid prevalance?

A

No. ppl who were a case during any time during period as a proportion of otal number of ppl in population

35
Q

How do we work out Relative Risk? i.e. Risk Ratio
How do we interpret the values?

A

Incidence Risk (in exposed) / incidence risk (in unexposed)

RR > 1 - Positive association
RR < 1 - Negative association

36
Q

What are the 3 levels of prevention?

A

Primary - interventions designed to prevent onset of specific health condition (reduce incidence of disease by limiting risk factors), lifestyle changes, vaccines

Secondary - early intervention decreases impact of specific problem (reduce impact of disease that has already occured, catching it early, providing timely treatment)

Tertiary - treatment to improve quality of life + reduce symptoms of the disease after it has developed (minimise severity of disease)

37
Q

What is the recommended max consumption of alcohol for men and women?

A

14 units

38
Q

What is the formula used to calculate units?

A

Volume (ml) x ABV / 1000

39
Q

CAGE QUESTIONAIRE

A
40
Q

FAST alcohol screening test

A

How often have you had 8 or more units on one occasion in the past year?

Focuses on identifying high-risk drinking behavior.

41
Q

AUDIT C
How to interpret the score?

A

Alcohol use disorders identification test - consumption

> 5: Audit C positive: increased risk of problem drinking
other 7 questions must be answered

> 5: lower risk

42
Q

Non-random sampling

A

No random selection for participant selection. Instead, based on
1. Availibilty
2. Convenience
3. judgemental criteria

43
Q

Random sampling

A

When participants are selected, each participant has equal chance of being selected

  • Representative
  • Unbiased
44
Q

What are the 4 types of random sampling?

A

Simple - each member given identifier, no. selected at randopm

Stratified - divide population into strata (subgroups), select sample from each using random sampling

Cluser - natural clusters
Systematic sampling: every nth population member

45
Q

What is a random error?

A

Variable perfomance due to chance alone

46
Q

What is bias?

A

Systematic sampling error

47
Q

Selection bias

A

Selection bias happens when the groups being studied are not chosen fairly or equally, leading to results that don’t accurately reflect the true situation.

48
Q

Type of selection bias

A
  1. Sampling bias - sample not representative of population
  2. Non-response bias - People who respond to a survey differ significantly from those who do not.
49
Q

How to minimise selection bias?

A
  1. Sampling bias - random sampling methods, ensure every membrane of population has equal chance of being included
  2. Non-response bias: Include a cover letter signed by a respected person to encourage participation.
    Explain the importance and relevance of the survey to motivate respondents.
50
Q

Information bias

A

AKA MEASUREMENT BIAS

Mistake when data is collected. Info gathered is not accurate

51
Q

What are the two types of info bias

How can we reduce info bias

A
  • Instrument bias: calibration
  • Inter-observer: measurements of different interviewers - TRAINING
52
Q

High accuracy, low precision

A

Random error

53
Q

Low accurary, high precision

A

Systematic error

54
Q

Validity

A

How accurate the measurement is in the study

55
Q

Reliability

A
  • Can the study’s results be reproduced consistently
56
Q

Confounding variables

A

Extra variables that affect relationship between main variables being studied (independent + dependent), lead to incorrect conclusions, because they affect dependent and independent variables.

57
Q

P value

A

Used to assess statistical significance of findings

Likelihood of obtaining observed results by chance aloe.

58
Q

Effect size

A

Strength of observed relationship

59
Q

Generalizability

A

Extent to which findings of study can be applied to larger population

60
Q

What are the two methods of surveillance?

A

Passive
- Routine reporting of data from healthcare providers
- Voluntary repording of cases
(GIVES DATA ON NOTIFIABLE DISEASES)

Active
- Acticely searching for cases
-

61
Q
A

Med 2024-2028 (56 decks)

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