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Med 2024-2028 > HADPOP > Flashcards

HADPOP Flashcards

1
Q

Inverse care law

A

Availibility of good medical care
Inversely proportional to population need

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2
Q

Routine surveillance

A

Ongoing systematic monitoring + collection of data on regular basis

To detect changes / trends in specific area

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3
Q

Ad-hoc samples

A

Samples collected in non-systematic manner

Based on covenience

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4
Q

Census

A

Simultaneous recording of demographic data

By govt, specific time

All individuals in area

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5
Q

Fecundity

A

Biological capacity to produce offspring

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6
Q

Fertility

A

actual reproductive performance

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7
Q

Chance

A

Unpredictable occurence of events
No deliberate influence

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8
Q

UK Notifiable diseases

A

Specific infectious diseases
Must report to public health authorities (LEGAL)

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9
Q

Verbal autopsies

A

Gathering info regarding persons death,

By speaking to family members

To reconstruct medical history

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10
Q

Cross Sectional Study

A

Research designb
Info from specific population
Specific time
Examine relationship between 2 variables

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11
Q

Correlation coefficient

How can we interpret the value?

A

Summary statistic
Strength of relationship between 2 variables

-1 to +1
-1: perfect negative correlation
+1: pefect positive correlation

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12
Q

Reservoir

A

Host in which pathogen can reside, replicate + transmit

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13
Q

Vector

A

Organism that transmits pathogen from infected host to susceptible host

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14
Q

Efficiency

A

Allocation of limited resources
To meet healthcare needs
Maximise outcomes

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15
Q

Equity

A

Fair distrobution of benefits within population

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16
Q

Health

A

Absence of disease

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17
Q

Health inequalities

A

Unfair variations in health

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18
Q

Health needs assesment

A

Systematic analysis of health needs of population to inform healthcare team

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19
Q

Placebo

A

Inert substance identical to active substance

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20
Q

Retrospective studies

A

Examine data from past records

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21
Q

Prospective studies

A

Collect data moving forward in real time

MORE COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF OUTCOMES

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

State 3 advantages of routine data

A
  1. Readily available
  2. Cheap
  3. Establish baseline
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24
Q

State 3 disadvantages of routine data

A

Bias
Poorly presented
Delay between collection + publications

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25
Give 7 examples of routine data
1. Census 2. Birth notification 3. Birth registration 4. Public health England 5. Death certification] 6. Death registration
26
Give 3 reasons why routine data is collected
1. Clarify cause of death 2. Pattern in mortality rates 3. Identify health problems
27
What is the purpose of Bradford Hill's Criteria? What are the criteria?
Measure strength of evidence + Relationship between exposure + outome 1. Specificity association 2. Strength assocation 3. Consistency of finding 4. Biological plausibility 5. Analogy 6. Temporal sequence 7. Dose response 8. Reversibility PNEUMONIC: Sexy Shaurya Can't Be Arsed To Do Revision
28
What type of study is a survey?
Cross sectional study
29
State 2 purposes of surveys
1. Measure outcome 2. Measure risk factors
30
State two advantages of surveys
1. Cheap, quick 2. Clarifies population health needs
31
State two disadvantages of surveys
Cannot detect temporality Bias (SELECTION BIAS)
32
What is incidence? How do we work out the INCIDENCE RATE? How do we work out incidence risk?
No. new events (NEW CASES IN DEFINDED POPULATION) in time period no. new cases of disease in given time period / total pop at risk at same time period no. new cases of disease in given time perioid / n. disease free persons at beginning of time period
33
What is prevalence? Point prevalence?
No. cases of disease in given population at any set time no. existing cases of condition at spepcifc time / total pop at specifc time
34
What is perioid prevalance?
No. ppl who were a case during any time during period as a proportion of otal number of ppl in population
35
How do we work out Relative Risk? i.e. Risk Ratio How do we interpret the values?
Incidence Risk (in exposed) / incidence risk (in unexposed) RR > 1 - Positive association RR < 1 - Negative association
36
What are the 3 levels of prevention?
Primary - interventions designed to prevent onset of specific health condition (reduce incidence of disease by limiting risk factors), lifestyle changes, vaccines Secondary - early intervention decreases impact of specific problem (reduce impact of disease that has already occured, catching it early, providing timely treatment) Tertiary - treatment to improve quality of life + reduce symptoms of the disease after it has developed (minimise severity of disease)
37
What is the recommended max consumption of alcohol for men and women?
14 units
38
What is the formula used to calculate units?
Volume (ml) x ABV / 1000
39
CAGE QUESTIONAIRE
40
FAST alcohol screening test
How often have you had 8 or more units on one occasion in the past year? Focuses on identifying high-risk drinking behavior.
41
AUDIT C How to interpret the score?
Alcohol use disorders identification test - consumption >5: Audit C positive: increased risk of problem drinking other 7 questions must be answered >5: lower risk
42
Non-random sampling
No random selection for participant selection. Instead, based on 1. Availibilty 2. Convenience 3. judgemental criteria
43
Random sampling
When participants are selected, each participant has equal chance of being selected - Representative - Unbiased
44
What are the 4 types of random sampling?
Simple - each member given identifier, no. selected at randopm Stratified - divide population into strata (subgroups), select sample from each using random sampling Cluser - natural clusters Systematic sampling: every nth population member
45
What is a random error?
Variable perfomance due to chance alone
46
What is bias?
Systematic sampling error
47
Selection bias
Selection bias happens when the groups being studied are not chosen fairly or equally, leading to results that don't accurately reflect the true situation.
48
Type of selection bias
1. Sampling bias - sample not representative of population 2. Non-response bias - People who respond to a survey differ significantly from those who do not.
49
How to minimise selection bias?
1. Sampling bias - random sampling methods, ensure every membrane of population has equal chance of being included 2. Non-response bias: Include a cover letter signed by a respected person to encourage participation. Explain the importance and relevance of the survey to motivate respondents.
50
Information bias
AKA MEASUREMENT BIAS Mistake when data is collected. Info gathered is not accurate
51
What are the two types of info bias How can we reduce info bias
- Instrument bias: calibration - Inter-observer: measurements of different interviewers - TRAINING
52
High accuracy, low precision
Random error
53
Low accurary, high precision
Systematic error
54
Validity
How accurate the measurement is in the study
55
Reliability
- Can the study's results be reproduced consistently
56
Confounding variables
Extra variables that affect relationship between main variables being studied (independent + dependent), lead to incorrect conclusions, because they affect dependent and independent variables.
57
P value
Used to assess statistical significance of findings Likelihood of obtaining observed results by chance aloe.
58
Effect size
Strength of observed relationship
59
Generalizability
Extent to which findings of study can be applied to larger population
60
What are the two methods of surveillance?
Passive - Routine reporting of data from healthcare providers - Voluntary repording of cases (GIVES DATA ON NOTIFIABLE DISEASES) Active - Acticely searching for cases -
61

Med 2024-2028 (56 decks)

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