Respiratory L1.2 Flashcards
State 4 functions of the nose
1) Olfaction
2) Respiration
3) Filter + humdify
4) Drain paranasal sinus + nasolacrimal duct secretions
1) What are the openings at the front of the nasal cavity?
2) What are the posterior openings of the nasal cavity called?
3) What lines the nasal cavity, and which part is excluding from this lining?
4) What is the relationship between the nasal cavity and the areas that drain into it?
5) What is an important directional feature of the nose’s structure?
1) Nostrils
2) Choanae
3) Mucosal lining, vestibule is excluded
4) Nasal cavity Continuous with the areas draining into it, such as sinuses and ducts
5) Nose goes back, not up!
1) What structure in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity is responsible for increasing surface area and airflow turulence?
2) What are the passageways beneath the turbinates called?
3) What are the openings in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity that lead into sinuses?
1) Turbinates (aka chonchae)
2) Meati
3) Ostia
State three main functions of turbinates
1) Increase Surface area which slows air for humifying and warming
2) Increase turbulence (help to mix + filter air)
3) Directs air through the nose (creates passages within the nsal cavity)
1) What does the nasal cavity drain when the turbinates are removed?
2) Whic passage drains the nasolacrimal duct?
3) What connects the middle ear to nasal cavity?
Understanding: Removal of turbinates exposes drainage openings into nasal cavity. Nasolacrimal duct: allows tear fluid from eyes to be cleared
1) Sinuses + lacrimal apperatus (nasolacrimal duct) + middle ear
2) Inferior meatus
3) Eustachian tube
1) What is the passage located benweat the inferior turbinate?
2)What is the passageaway beneath the middle turbinate
3) What is the passageway between the superior turbinate
4) What is the passage above the superior turbinate?
1) Inferior meatus
2) Middle meatus
3) Superior meatus
4) Spheno-ethmoidal recess
1) What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
2) What type of cells are found in the olfactory region?
3) Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
1) Pseudostatified columnar cilliated epithelium with goblet cells
2) Olfactory cells with olfactory receptors
3) Upper surface of superior turbnate, spheno-ethmoidal recess, corresponding septum + roof
1) What are the paransal sinuses?
2) Which paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity
3) What is one possible function of the paransal sinuses related to air
4) How do paransal sinuses contribite to sound?
5) How do paranasal sinuses affect the skull?
1) Paired, mucous membrane lined, air filled out pocketings (extensions) of the nasal cavity. Paranasal sinuses drain into nasal cavity
2) Maxillarry, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
3) Conditioningof inspired air (humidification + warming)
4) Contribute to resonance, enhancing quality of voice
5) Help reduce weight of skull by creating air filled spaces
1) Where does the maxillary sinus drain?
2) Where does the frontal sinus drain?
3) Where does the sphenoid sinus drain?
4) Where to anterior + middle ethmoid sinuses drain?
Where does the posteror ethmoid sinus drain?
Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?
1) Middle meatus
2) Middle meatus
3) Spheno-ethmoidal recess
4) Middle meatus
5) Superior meatus
6) Inferior meatus
Give 4 major functions of the larynx
- Acts as a sphincter for the lower respiratory tract, protecting the airway
2.Respiration: Regulates airflow during breathing
- Phonation: Produces sound by vibrating the vocal cords
- Protects airway duringswallowing. Prevents food + liquids from entering airway during swallowing
- Effort closure: tight closing of vocal cords, creates seal to increase pressure in chest during acivities such as heavy lifting, straining, holing breath (UNDERSTANDING: effort closure is when vocal cords close tightly, stopping airflow to create pressure in chest)
1) From which structure is the larynx suspended and how is it attached to the trachea?
2) How is the larynx moved in the neck?
3) What happens to the larynx during swallowing?
4) Which nerve provides motor + sensory innervation to the larynx?
1) Suspended from hyoid bone, attached to trachea below membranes and ligaments
2) Up, down, forwad, backwards, due to action of extrinsic muscles
3) Moves up, forward, helps to close laryngeal inlet (opening at top of larynx, to prevent food or liquifd from entering airway) and open the oesophagus
4) CN X (VAGUS NERVE)
1) What type of structure is the larynx?
2) Where does the superior laryngeal aperture open?
3) What is the larynx continous with below?
1) hollow, musuloligamentous structure with cartilage framework that caps lower respiratory tract
2) Opens into laryngopharnx, just below tongue
3) Trachea
KEY POINTS
1. Cartilage fraemwork
2. Above larynx: superior laryngeal aperture which opens into laryngopharynx (just below tongue)
3. Below larynx: continous with trachea
1) What are the three large unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
2) What are the three small paired cartilages of the larynx?
3) What structures support the larynx besides cartilage?
1) Circoid, thyroid, epiglottis
2) Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
3) Fibroelastoic membrane + numerous intrsinsic muscles
- What structures make up the true vocal cords?
- What is the function of the true vocal cords?
- What are the false vocal cords and where are they located?
- Are the false vocal cords responsible for sound production?
- Vocal ligaments + an elastic membrane between ligaments and circoid cartilage
- Sound production
- Vestibular folds, superior + lateral to true vocal cords
- No
What artery supplies blood to the upper part of the larynx?
What artery supplies blood to the lower part of the larynx?
- Superior laryngeal artery
- Inferior laryngeal artery
1) What veins drain the larynx?
2) Where do superior and inferior laryngeal veiuns drain after leaving larynx?
3) Where do thyroid veins ultimately drain?
1) Superior + inferior laryngeal veins
2) Thyroid veins
3) Internal jugular vein and brachiophalic vein
1) Which 3 nerves innervate the larynx?
2) What is the role of the superior laryngeal nerves?
3) What is the role of recurrent laryngeal nerves?
1) Vagus nerve (CN X)
Superior laringeal nerves
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
2) sesnation to upper larynx + MOTOR FUNCTION TO CIRCOTHYROID MUSCLE
3) Motor innervation to laryngeal muscles + sensation to lower larynx
1) Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop?
2) Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop?
3) Where do both recurrent laryngeal nerves run after looping?
1) Right subclavian artery
2) Aoritc arch
3) Tracheo-eosophagal groove
1) What are the three sections of the pharynx?
2) Where are the adenoids located?
3) What is the role of the eustachian tube orifices in the pharynx?
4) Where are the tonsils located in the pharynx?
5) What is the role of the constrictor muscles in the pharynx?
6) At what vertrebal level does the pharynx connect to oesophagus?
1) Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (aka hypopharynx)
2) Nasopharynx
3) Connect nasopharynx to middle ear to help equalise presssure
4) Oropharynx
5) Help move food through the pharynx when swallowing
6) C6 Vertebra
- What type of structure is the pharynx, and what systems does it serve as a common entrance for?
- What 2 types of epithelium are present in the nasopharynx?
- Where exactly are tonsils and adenoids found in the nasopharynx?
- What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?
- Describe the location of the laryngopharynx
- True or False: The nasopharynx is alway open
- Musculofascial tube, common entrance fr GI + respiratory tract
- Respiratory epithelium + stratified squamous eputheliym
- Waldeyer’s ring (ring of lymphoid tissue)
- Statified squamous epithelium
- Below epiglottis. Stratified squamous epithelium. Continuous with oesophagus inferiorly
- True
1) What is the piriorm fossa?
2) Where is the pirifom fossa located?
3) What is the function of the piriform fossa?
1) Recess located between central larynx and lateral thyroid cartilage
3) Channel solids + liquids from oral cavity around laryngeal inlet into oesophagus
1) What are the three stages of swallowing?
2) What happens to the soft palate during swallowing?
3) How is larynx protected during swallowing?
4) Why can’t you breath and swallow at the same time?
1) Oral stage (voluntary), Pharyngeal stage (involuntary/reflex). Oesophageal stage (involunary/reflex)
2) Soft palate is raised, closes of nasopharynx and opens eustachian tube
3) Overhanging tongue, epiglottis and vocal cords
4) Airway is closed at two sites: Latyngeal inlet + vocal rods
