Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med 2024-2028 > HADPOP 2 > Flashcards

HADPOP 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

What is public health?

A

Absence of infirmary

The prevention of disease, prolonging life + promotion of health in society through organised efforts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Public health model

A
  1. Surveillance - WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?
  2. Risk factor ID WHAT IS CAUSE?
  3. Intervention + evaluation SOLVE>
  4. Implementation - HOW TO INTERGRATE INTERVENTION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who arethe 3 stakeholders in public health?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State examples of key public health interventions

A
  1. Vaccination programmes - HPV
  2. Motor vehicle safety - THINK road safety campaign
  3. Family plannig- FREE CONTRACEPTION
  4. Infectious disease control - HIV, COVID-19
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between equity and equality

A

EQUALITY - eveeryone recieves same thing regardless of situation - SAMENESS

EQUITY - everyone recieves what they need based on their individual circumstances - FAIRNESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the definition of health equity ?

A

Absence of avoidable differences among groups of people

Deals with rising issues made prevalent by socioeconomic deteminants of health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are socioeconomic determinants of health?

A
  • Race
  • Gender
  • Job
    Where you live
    Where you were born
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is health inequality ?

A

Health variation that is
1. Unfair
2. Avoidable

Directly related to inverse care law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is inverse care law?

A

Good medical care less available to those who actually need it compared those who don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two main types of health surveillance?

A
  1. Routine
    Encompases whole population
    Demographics, health events
    GOOD FOR TREND MONITORING
    regular intervals
  2. Ad Hoc
    Study done when there is a specifc need for a study to be conducted. No intetion of repitition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

State 3 pros and 3 cons of routine data

A

Pros
- Readily available
- limited costs
- Trend monitoring

Cons
- Bias
- Poor presentation
- Limited determinants details, focus on conditions not causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a population cencus?
What important info can we get from a cencus?

Pros of cencus
Cons

A

Recorded demoghraphic data by govt - specific time, pertains to all persons in that area

Info:
- Unemployment
- deaths
- lack of amenities

Personal enumeration
Regular occurance
Govt tun

Cons
- General statements about population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do we apply cencus information?
What do we use population pyramids?

A

POPULATION PYRAMIDS
- Allow us to make predictions regarding the future demographics of population - predict services required (population estimates (current application) or population projections (future application))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between fertilty and fecundity

A

Fertility - ability to produce offspring
Fecindity - Ability to produce life offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between birth notification vs birth registration

A

Birth notification - Done by midwife, within 36 hours to child health register

Birth reg - parent, 42 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between mortality certification and mortality regstration ?

A

Cert - doctor responsibility, info of likely cause of death

Reg - qualified info, 5 days fo death, requires death cert from dr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are notifiable diseases?
Give 5 examples

A

Disease that can lead to public health crisis
Must be reported to UK HAS when detected

  • Cholera
  • Botulism
  • Malaria
  • TB
  • Whooping cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is under reporting?
Why can it occur?

A
  • Specific disease + prevalence not accurate, due to incorrect monotring of conditions

Why?
- Lack of Dr knowledge
- Misdiagnosis
-How commin the condition is
- Decreased severity
Conditions affecting men vs women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do scatter plots show?
How can we describe them?

A

Relationship between two continous variables

Liner / Non - linear

STRONG/WEAK correlation (how close together dors are)

Correlation coefficient

Slope
-positive
-negative
-0 if not postive or neg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

Number that shows the strength of correlation between two variables
- If +1, X causes Y
- If -1. X does not cause Y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two ways we use to measure disease?

A
  1. Incidence
    No. new cases
  2. Prevalance
    No of cases of disease in population at specific time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Formula for incident risk and rate

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is point prevalance ?
Formula?
What factors change prevalance?

A

Number. of cases (past, current) at specific time peroid as proportion of

total numebr of ppl in population

  1. Chance
  2. Demgrhaphics
  3. Ttreatment
  4. True changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the difference between risk and association?

A

Risk - probability outcome will occur
Association - correlation between exposure and outcome
(causation, correlation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the formula for relative risk?

A

Risk ratio

Incidence risk in exposed / incidence risk in unexposed

RR> 1 - positive assication
RR < negative association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 4 levels of prevention?

A

Primary - prevent illness
Secondary - earlty diagnosis, minimise effects
Tertiary - prevent further complications
Primordial - remove disease from population enitrely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Stages of change model

A

Relapse/Prolapse
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preperation / determination
Action
Maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The 6As

A

As
Acknowledge
Asess
Assist
Advise
Arrange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How many units per week is the limit for men and women?

A

14 units per week regularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the CAGE questionnaire stand for?

A

Cut back
Annoyed
Guilty
Eye opener

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is “pack years smoking” ?

A

Determines how many cigarettes a person has had in lifetime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the definition of a survey?
What are 3 purposes of surveys?

A

Investigation, info systematically collected and experimental not used

  1. Measures risk in population
  2. Measures outcomes
  3. Assess prevalence of diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of study is a prevalance study?
pros, cons

A
  • Cross secrtional
  • Snapshot in time

QuicK
Good for trend planning

NOT GOOD FOR SHORT TERM CONDITIONS
NOT USED FOR CAUSATION

34
Q

What is a sample?
Why do they need to be representative of whole population?
What is a sample frame?

A
  • Representative subset of population
  • To make accuate inferences about population
  • List of everyone in population that can be sampled
35
Q

What makes a good sample group?

A
  1. Large sample size
  2. Random
  3. Representative
36
Q

Quality vs Quantity

A
37
Q

Sampling methods

A
  1. Random
    equal probability of drawing anyone in frame being chosen
  2. Cluster - natural cluster
  3. Simple - ID + selection
  4. Stratified - dividing of population into strata
  5. Systematic - very nth member, good for preserving representation
  6. Non-random
    -easier
    -covenient
38
Q

What errors can you have with systematic sampling?

What erros can we have with random sampling?

A

Bias - intrument failure

Random - altered results, due to chance

39
Q

Explain two sources of bias

A
  1. Selection bias
    - Sampling (non representative)]
    -Non response bias
  2. Information
    - Instrument (equipment incorrectly calibrated)

-Interobserver (3rd party observer irepretate things differently yo how respondent means them)

Confounding Bias
Lack of comparability between exposed and
unexposed populations

40
Q

Precision vs Accuracy

A

Accuracy - How close to expected value results are
Low accuracy = random error

Precision
How close together results are
Low precision - systematic error

41
Q

Health protection services

A

Surveillance+ control of new and recurrent infections

National coordination- UKHSA
Regional coordination - HAS
Local - Health protetion teams

42
Q

What is routine surveillance?

A

Regular collection of data from one source (GPs, health clnic, local hoospital records)

  • Age
  • Sex
    -Health problems
  • Current access to healthcare
43
Q

What is the difference between passive and active surveillance?

A

Passive - regular reporting from hospitals, GP, to govt body.

Active - govt asks specific health teams to make reports on specific health groups

44
Q

What to CCDC do?

A
  1. Interview affected indivduals
  2. Confirm dianosis
  3. Tracing contacts of index case
    4/ Identification + prevention
45
Q

What are limitations of surveillance?

A
  • Lack of denomintators
    -Under reporting
  • Lack of representativeness of reported cases
  • difficult to interpret trends
46
Q

Descibe process of transmission

A

Index - first case identified
Priamry - case brings condition into population
Secondary - infected by primary
Tertiary - infected by secondary
- IT SPREADS

47
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Host whhich is not affacted by virus
Viurs safely grows, replicates, lives
e.g. kangaroos for ross river vius RRV

48
Q

What is a vector?

A

Host that can carru + spread pathogens
e.g. mosquitos for RRV

49
Q

State features of an endemic outbreak

A
  • Constant rates of cases in population
  • Disease rate is predictable, managed by local healthcare teams
  • Limited to specific area
  • Occurance of cases is at expected frequency
50
Q

What is an epidemic?
What is a pandemic?

A

Increase in number of expected cases
Pandemic - global epidemic

51
Q

What is a healthcare acquited illness?
2 causes

A
  • Any illness caught in healthcare setting
  • Resistant pathogens
  • Inapropriate isolation
52
Q

How can limit presence of reservoirs and vectors?

A

Wearing long clothing, not going to place durng speicif season

53
Q

Why do we limit immediate sources?

A

People who are immediately affected
Prevent presence of excess sources of pathogens

54
Q

What do we need to tackle to prevent spread of disease?

A
  1. Immediate sources
  2. Reservoirs, vectors
  3. Mode of transmission
  4. Susceptible - protective isolation
55
Q

Why do we source isolate?
What are the room conditions for isolation

A
  • Unexplained rashes
  • Suspected communicable diseases
  • Infleunza symptoms
  • Resistant viruses

SINGLE VENTILATED ENSUITE ROOM
Negative pressure

56
Q

Why do we protectively isolate?
Difference in conditions between this and source isolation ?

A
  • Immunocompromised individuals
  • Pregnant patients
  • Frail

Difference - positive pressure in room

57
Q

Evidence Based Medicine
Give an example of a database for medical research
What is PICO?

A

Pubmed, Google scholar
PICO
- population
- intervervention
- comparison
-outcome

58
Q

What is meant by “health need” ?
What do we need to consider during health needs assesment?

A

What has capacity to benefit health population group as a whole

WHO
WHAT
WHERE
WHEN
HOW

59
Q

How do we conduct a randomised control trial? Clinical trial

A
  1. Randon assignment of patients
  2. Control vs treatment groups
  3. Adminster placebo and medication
  4. Compare results
60
Q

What is blindng / masking? Benefit
What are the types?

A

Hiding info about who is getting which treatment (Concealment of intervention allocation)
Reduce measurement bias

Types
- Single - patient does not know
- Double - patient, dr does not know
- Tripple - patient, dr, researcher

61
Q

How do we reduce bias in RCTs?

A
  1. Measuremet bias - blinding
  2. Allocation bias - allocation concealment
62
Q

What is placebo effect?

A

Placebo - inert substance idenical to intervention in every wy

Attitude patient has towards a medication can influence their health ourcome and can lead to the feeling that something positive happened

63
Q

State advantages of RCTs
Disadvantage

A
  • Unbiased distrobution of confounders
  • Blinding
  • Randomisation

-ve
- Epensive
- Ethically problematic
- volunter bias

64
Q

What is intention to treat?

A

Comparitive step
Compares outcome for
- intervenion group patients
with
-control group pations

Shows if intervention would be useful in clinical practice

65
Q

Describe the differnce betwene causation and association

A
66
Q

What are the 7 Bradford Hill Criteria?

A
  • Strength assocation
  • Dose-response relationship
  • Consistency of findings
  • Biolocal plasuability
  • Coherence of evidience
  • Specificity of association
67
Q

What is a confounder?

A

Third variable impacting results of experiment trial

68
Q

What type of study is a cohort study?

A

Observational study

Where you follow a group of people over time and see how different factors (exposures) affect likelihood of developing certain conditions.

69
Q

What is relative risk?

A

Risk of contracting disease based on exposure level to specific exposure

70
Q

How do we interpretate relative risk?

A

RR =1: NO DIFFERENCE
RR > 1: exposure increases risk
RR < 1: Exposure is protective

71
Q

What does it mean by “95% confidence interval?”

A

95% chance true value falls within your stated value

72
Q

What does it mean by Null Hypothesis?

A
73
Q

How can we better studies?

A
  1. Increase sample size
  2. Use more representative sample group
  3. Eliminate user bias
  4. Ensure appropriate explanation of study
  5. Repar tests for validity
74
Q

State 3 advantages and disadvantages of cohort studies

A

+ve

  • Good for different outcomes
  • Good for rare exposures

-ve
- Surveryor bias
- larger, more resiurces
- longer

75
Q

What is a case control study?
What is a -ve?

A

Take patients witha condition, take patients without condition

Compare history
Make conclusions

Useful for rare conditions
But, cannot identify cause.

76
Q

What are odds? How do we work our the odds of an event occuring?

A

Probability event will occur to probability of same eevnt not occuring

how likely an event is to happen compared to it not happening.

77
Q

What is odds exposure? How do we work it out?

How do we interpet the value?

A

This measures likelihood of having been exposed to a particular factor among individuals with a certain condition compared to thise without the condition.

OE<1 - exposure is protective against condition

78
Q

How do we interpretate OE?

A
79
Q

What is Meta-analysis?

A

Combines results of multiple studies to get clearer overall picture
(2 or more primary studies, which address same hypothesis)

80
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

Type of research that provides overview of all available primary studies on specific topic

81
Q
A

Med 2024-2028 (55 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions