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Med 2024-2028 > HADPOP 2 > Flashcards

HADPOP 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

What is public health?

A

Absence of infirmary

The prevention of disease, prolonging life + promotion of health in society through organised efforts

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2
Q

Public health model

A
  1. Surveillance - WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?
  2. Risk factor ID WHAT IS CAUSE?
  3. Intervention + evaluation SOLVE>
  4. Implementation - HOW TO INTERGRATE INTERVENTION
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3
Q

Who arethe 3 stakeholders in public health?

A
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4
Q

State examples of key public health interventions

A
  1. Vaccination programmes - HPV
  2. Motor vehicle safety - THINK road safety campaign
  3. Family plannig- FREE CONTRACEPTION
  4. Infectious disease control - HIV, COVID-19
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5
Q

What is the difference between equity and equality

A

EQUALITY - eveeryone recieves same thing regardless of situation - SAMENESS

EQUITY - everyone recieves what they need based on their individual circumstances - FAIRNESS

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6
Q

What is the definition of health equity ?

A

Absence of avoidable differences among groups of people

Deals with rising issues made prevalent by socioeconomic deteminants of health

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7
Q

What are socioeconomic determinants of health?

A
  • Race
  • Gender
  • Job
    Where you live
    Where you were born
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8
Q

What is health inequality ?

A

Health variation that is
1. Unfair
2. Avoidable

Directly related to inverse care law

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9
Q

What is inverse care law?

A

Good medical care less available to those who actually need it compared those who don’t

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10
Q

What are the two main types of health surveillance?

A
  1. Routine
    Encompases whole population
    Demographics, health events
    GOOD FOR TREND MONITORING
    regular intervals
  2. Ad Hoc
    Study done when there is a specifc need for a study to be conducted. No intetion of repitition
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11
Q

State 3 pros and 3 cons of routine data

A

Pros
- Readily available
- limited costs
- Trend monitoring

Cons
- Bias
- Poor presentation
- Limited determinants details, focus on conditions not causes

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12
Q

What is a population cencus?
What important info can we get from a cencus?

Pros of cencus
Cons

A

Recorded demoghraphic data by govt - specific time, pertains to all persons in that area

Info:
- Unemployment
- deaths
- lack of amenities

Personal enumeration
Regular occurance
Govt tun

Cons
- General statements about population

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13
Q

How do we apply cencus information?
What do we use population pyramids?

A

POPULATION PYRAMIDS
- Allow us to make predictions regarding the future demographics of population - predict services required (population estimates (current application) or population projections (future application))

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14
Q

What is the difference between fertilty and fecundity

A

Fertility - ability to produce offspring
Fecindity - Ability to produce life offspring

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15
Q

What is the difference between birth notification vs birth registration

A

Birth notification - Done by midwife, within 36 hours to child health register

Birth reg - parent, 42 days

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16
Q

What is the difference between mortality certification and mortality regstration ?

A

Cert - doctor responsibility, info of likely cause of death

Reg - qualified info, 5 days fo death, requires death cert from dr

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17
Q

What are notifiable diseases?
Give 5 examples

A

Disease that can lead to public health crisis
Must be reported to UK HAS when detected

  • Cholera
  • Botulism
  • Malaria
  • TB
  • Whooping cough
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18
Q

What is under reporting?
Why can it occur?

A
  • Specific disease + prevalence not accurate, due to incorrect monotring of conditions

Why?
- Lack of Dr knowledge
- Misdiagnosis
-How commin the condition is
- Decreased severity
Conditions affecting men vs women

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19
Q

What do scatter plots show?
How can we describe them?

A

Relationship between two continous variables

Liner / Non - linear

STRONG/WEAK correlation (how close together dors are)

Correlation coefficient

Slope
-positive
-negative
-0 if not postive or neg

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20
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

Number that shows the strength of correlation between two variables
- If +1, X causes Y
- If -1. X does not cause Y

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21
Q

What are the two ways we use to measure disease?

A
  1. Incidence
    No. new cases
  2. Prevalance
    No of cases of disease in population at specific time
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22
Q

Formula for incident risk and rate

A
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23
Q

What is point prevalance ?
Formula?
What factors change prevalance?

A

Number. of cases (past, current) at specific time peroid as proportion of

total numebr of ppl in population

  1. Chance
  2. Demgrhaphics
  3. Ttreatment
  4. True changes
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24
Q

What is the difference between risk and association?

A

Risk - probability outcome will occur
Association - correlation between exposure and outcome
(causation, correlation)

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25
What is the formula for relative risk?
Risk ratio Incidence risk in exposed / incidence risk in unexposed RR> 1 - positive assication RR < negative association
26
What are the 4 levels of prevention?
Primary - prevent illness Secondary - earlty diagnosis, minimise effects Tertiary - prevent further complications Primordial - remove disease from population enitrely
27
Stages of change model
Relapse/Prolapse Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preperation / determination Action Maintenance
28
The 6As
As Acknowledge Asess Assist Advise Arrange
29
How many units per week is the limit for men and women?
14 units per week regularly
30
What does the CAGE questionnaire stand for?
Cut back Annoyed Guilty Eye opener
31
What is "pack years smoking" ?
Determines how many cigarettes a person has had in lifetime
32
What is the definition of a survey? What are 3 purposes of surveys?
Investigation, info systematically collected and experimental not used 1. Measures risk in population 2. Measures outcomes 3. Assess prevalence of diseases
33
What type of study is a prevalance study? pros, cons
- Cross secrtional - Snapshot in time QuicK Good for trend planning NOT GOOD FOR SHORT TERM CONDITIONS NOT USED FOR CAUSATION
34
What is a sample? Why do they need to be representative of whole population? What is a sample frame?
- Representative subset of population - To make accuate inferences about population - List of everyone in population that can be sampled
35
What makes a good sample group?
1. Large sample size 2. Random 3. Representative
36
Quality vs Quantity
37
Sampling methods
1. Random equal probability of drawing anyone in frame being chosen 2. Cluster - natural cluster 3. Simple - ID + selection 4. Stratified - dividing of population into strata 5. Systematic - very nth member, good for preserving representation 6. Non-random -easier -covenient
38
What errors can you have with systematic sampling? What erros can we have with random sampling?
Bias - intrument failure Random - altered results, due to chance
39
Explain two sources of bias
1. Selection bias - Sampling (non representative)] -Non response bias 2. Information - Instrument (equipment incorrectly calibrated) -Interobserver (3rd party observer irepretate things differently yo how respondent means them) Confounding Bias Lack of comparability between exposed and unexposed populations
40
Precision vs Accuracy
Accuracy - How close to expected value results are Low accuracy = random error Precision How close together results are Low precision - systematic error
41
Health protection services
Surveillance+ control of new and recurrent infections National coordination- UKHSA Regional coordination - HAS Local - Health protetion teams
42
What is routine surveillance?
Regular collection of data from one source (GPs, health clnic, local hoospital records) - Age - Sex -Health problems - Current access to healthcare
43
What is the difference between passive and active surveillance?
Passive - regular reporting from hospitals, GP, to govt body. Active - govt asks specific health teams to make reports on specific health groups
44
What to CCDC do?
1. Interview affected indivduals 2. Confirm dianosis 3. Tracing contacts of index case 4/ Identification + prevention
45
What are limitations of surveillance?
- Lack of denomintators -Under reporting - Lack of representativeness of reported cases - difficult to interpret trends
46
Descibe process of transmission
Index - first case identified Priamry - case brings condition into population Secondary - infected by primary Tertiary - infected by secondary - IT SPREADS
47
What is a reservoir?
Host whhich is not affacted by virus Viurs safely grows, replicates, lives e.g. kangaroos for ross river vius RRV
48
What is a vector?
Host that can carru + spread pathogens e.g. mosquitos for RRV
49
State features of an endemic outbreak
- Constant rates of cases in population - Disease rate is predictable, managed by local healthcare teams - Limited to specific area - Occurance of cases is at expected frequency
50
What is an epidemic? What is a pandemic?
Increase in number of expected cases Pandemic - global epidemic
51
What is a healthcare acquited illness? 2 causes
- Any illness caught in healthcare setting - Resistant pathogens - Inapropriate isolation
52
How can limit presence of reservoirs and vectors?
Wearing long clothing, not going to place durng speicif season
53
Why do we limit immediate sources?
People who are immediately affected Prevent presence of excess sources of pathogens
54
What do we need to tackle to prevent spread of disease?
1. Immediate sources 2. Reservoirs, vectors 3. Mode of transmission 4. Susceptible - protective isolation
55
Why do we source isolate? What are the room conditions for isolation
- Unexplained rashes - Suspected communicable diseases - Infleunza symptoms - Resistant viruses SINGLE VENTILATED ENSUITE ROOM Negative pressure
56
Why do we protectively isolate? Difference in conditions between this and source isolation ?
- Immunocompromised individuals - Pregnant patients - Frail Difference - positive pressure in room
57
Evidence Based Medicine Give an example of a database for medical research What is PICO?
Pubmed, Google scholar PICO - population - intervervention - comparison -outcome
58
What is meant by "health need" ? What do we need to consider during health needs assesment?
What has capacity to benefit health population group as a whole WHO WHAT WHERE WHEN HOW
59
How do we conduct a randomised control trial? Clinical trial
1. Randon assignment of patients 2. Control vs treatment groups 3. Adminster placebo and medication 4. Compare results
60
What is blindng / masking? Benefit What are the types?
Hiding info about who is getting which treatment (Concealment of intervention allocation) Reduce measurement bias Types - Single - patient does not know - Double - patient, dr does not know - Tripple - patient, dr, researcher
61
How do we reduce bias in RCTs?
1. Measuremet bias - blinding 2. Allocation bias - allocation concealment
62
What is placebo effect?
Placebo - inert substance idenical to intervention in every wy Attitude patient has towards a medication can influence their health ourcome and can lead to the feeling that something positive happened
63
State advantages of RCTs Disadvantage
- Unbiased distrobution of confounders - Blinding - Randomisation -ve - Epensive - Ethically problematic - volunter bias
64
What is intention to treat?
Comparitive step Compares outcome for - intervenion group patients with -control group pations Shows if intervention would be useful in clinical practice
65
Describe the differnce betwene causation and association
66
What are the 7 Bradford Hill Criteria?
- Strength assocation - Dose-response relationship - Consistency of findings - Biolocal plasuability - Coherence of evidience - Specificity of association
67
What is a confounder?
Third variable impacting results of experiment trial
68
What type of study is a cohort study?
Observational study Where you follow a group of people over time and see how different factors (exposures) affect likelihood of developing certain conditions.
69
What is relative risk?
Risk of contracting disease based on exposure level to specific exposure
70
How do we interpretate relative risk?
RR =1: NO DIFFERENCE RR > 1: exposure increases risk RR < 1: Exposure is protective
71
What does it mean by "95% confidence interval?"
95% chance true value falls within your stated value
72
What does it mean by Null Hypothesis?
73
How can we better studies?
1. Increase sample size 2. Use more representative sample group 3. Eliminate user bias 4. Ensure appropriate explanation of study 5. Repar tests for validity
74
State 3 advantages and disadvantages of cohort studies
+ve - Good for different outcomes - Good for rare exposures -ve - Surveryor bias - larger, more resiurces - longer
75
What is a case control study? What is a -ve?
Take patients witha condition, take patients without condition Compare history Make conclusions Useful for rare conditions But, cannot identify cause.
76
What are odds? How do we work our the odds of an event occuring?
Probability event will occur to probability of same eevnt not occuring how likely an event is to happen compared to it not happening.
77
What is odds exposure? How do we work it out? How do we interpet the value?
This measures likelihood of having been exposed to a particular factor among individuals with a certain condition compared to thise without the condition. OE<1 - exposure is protective against condition
78
How do we interpretate OE?
79
What is Meta-analysis?
Combines results of multiple studies to get clearer overall picture (2 or more primary studies, which address same hypothesis)
80
What is a systematic review?
Type of research that provides overview of all available primary studies on specific topic
81

Med 2024-2028 (56 decks)

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