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PPE > TOB > Flashcards

TOB Flashcards

1
Q

Describe keratinocyte differentiation

A

mitosis in basal
lose mitosis in prickle cell
lose Pm and become corneocyte in granular
flattened in horny layer

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2
Q

how calcium allows muscle contraction

A

ca binds to TnC of troponin and moves tropomyosin

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3
Q

describe excitation contraction coupling

A

ACh binds to AChRs on sarcolemma and propagates AP along sarcolemma and down T tubule
AP in tubules triggers Ca release from SR etc.

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4
Q

what CTs surround nerves

A

endoneurium - individual axon
perineurium - fascicle
epineurium - around whol eneve

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5
Q

what is endochondral ossification. what bones does it occur in

A

most bones

cartilage > bone. starts in mid shaft

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6
Q

intramembranous ossification and what bones and cells

A

flat bones
CT > bone
mesenchymal cells –> osteoblasts

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7
Q

what post ganglionic symp uses ACh

A

sweating and ejaculation

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8
Q

give order of skeletal muscle units

A

myofilament > fibril > fibre > fascicle

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9
Q

collagen histology

A

collagen fibres with flat fibroblasts

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10
Q

bone repair

A

inflammation > soft callus (fibrocartilage) > hard callus > remodelling

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11
Q

how many days for epithelia in skin and small intestine to renew

A

skin - 28 days

small intestine - 4-6 days

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12
Q

give the types of WBC and their function and appearance

A

neutrophil - multilobed nucleus
eosinophil - parasites and allergies. bi-lobed with pink granules
basophil - histamine release. bi or tri lobed with blue granules. circulates in blood.
Mast cells - histamine release. bi or tri lobed with blue granules. fixed in tissue. More granules and smaller nucleus than basophil
lymphocyte - big nucleus. B/T/NK cells
monocyte - kidney shaped nucleus

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13
Q

where dense regular CT

A

ligaments and tendons

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14
Q

what fibroblasts secrete

A

collagen. elastic and reticular fibres, ground substance

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15
Q

what is nissl substance

A

RER

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16
Q

functions of skin

A

psychosexual comm, thermoregulation, barrier, sensation

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17
Q

tissue types

A

epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective

18
Q

stomach histology

A

epithelium, gastric mucosa, MM, SM, muscularis externae, serosa

19
Q

oeseophagus histology

A

epithelium, LP, MM, SM, musc externa, adventitia

20
Q

bone functions

A

support, protection, haematopoesis, mineral storage

21
Q

ganglion lengths

A

symp pre short, post long

ps pre long, post short

22
Q

what cutterage used for

A

endometrium

23
Q

platelet and rbc cell differentiation needs

A

platelet - thrombopoeitin

rbc - erythropoietin

24
Q

gland types

A

simple - tubular, branched tubular, coiled tubular, branched alveolar
compound - tubular, alveolar

25
Q

define gland

A

epithelial cell specialised for secretion

26
Q

what ground substance contains

A

water, GAG, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

27
Q

where glycosylation happens

A

golgi

28
Q

what is fetal skeleton made of

A

hyaline

29
Q

what is ligament and tendon

A

ligament - bone to bone

tendon - muscle to bone

30
Q

what type of cartilage in hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

A

hyaline and elastic - mostly type 2

fibrocartilage - mostly type 1

31
Q

what surrounds schwann cells

A

neurolemma

32
Q

what produces platelets

A

megakaryocytes

33
Q

what also occurs alongside hypertrophy of muscles within the muscle

A

increased glycolysis, mitochondria, glycogen storage, blood flow

34
Q

what type of CTis blood and adipose

A

loose

35
Q

what are langerhan cells and where found

A

APC of skin in prickle cell layer

36
Q

where find elastic, fibrocartilage and hyaline

A

elastic - auricle and auditory tube
fibrocartilage - IV discs and pubic symph
hyaline - resp airways and joints

37
Q

what used to fix tissues

A

formaldehyde

38
Q

what used to stain myelin sheaths

A

osmium tetroxide

39
Q

give features of cardiac muscle

A

branching, intercalated discs, striations, central nucleus

40
Q

why shrinkage artefacts happen

A

dehydration + rehydration in slide prerp

41
Q

skeletal muscle histology

A

peripheral nuclei, multinucleated, striations, tightly packed (no gap junctions)

PPE (18 decks)

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