TOB Flashcards
Describe keratinocyte differentiation
mitosis in basal
lose mitosis in prickle cell
lose Pm and become corneocyte in granular
flattened in horny layer
how calcium allows muscle contraction
ca binds to TnC of troponin and moves tropomyosin
describe excitation contraction coupling
ACh binds to AChRs on sarcolemma and propagates AP along sarcolemma and down T tubule
AP in tubules triggers Ca release from SR etc.
what CTs surround nerves
endoneurium - individual axon
perineurium - fascicle
epineurium - around whol eneve
what is endochondral ossification. what bones does it occur in
most bones
cartilage > bone. starts in mid shaft
intramembranous ossification and what bones and cells
flat bones
CT > bone
mesenchymal cells –> osteoblasts
what post ganglionic symp uses ACh
sweating and ejaculation
give order of skeletal muscle units
myofilament > fibril > fibre > fascicle
collagen histology
collagen fibres with flat fibroblasts
bone repair
inflammation > soft callus (fibrocartilage) > hard callus > remodelling
how many days for epithelia in skin and small intestine to renew
skin - 28 days
small intestine - 4-6 days
give the types of WBC and their function and appearance
neutrophil - multilobed nucleus
eosinophil - parasites and allergies. bi-lobed with pink granules
basophil - histamine release. bi or tri lobed with blue granules. circulates in blood.
Mast cells - histamine release. bi or tri lobed with blue granules. fixed in tissue. More granules and smaller nucleus than basophil
lymphocyte - big nucleus. B/T/NK cells
monocyte - kidney shaped nucleus
where dense regular CT
ligaments and tendons
what fibroblasts secrete
collagen. elastic and reticular fibres, ground substance
what is nissl substance
RER
functions of skin
psychosexual comm, thermoregulation, barrier, sensation
tissue types
epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective
stomach histology
epithelium, gastric mucosa, MM, SM, muscularis externae, serosa
oeseophagus histology
epithelium, LP, MM, SM, musc externa, adventitia
bone functions
support, protection, haematopoesis, mineral storage
ganglion lengths
symp pre short, post long
ps pre long, post short
what cutterage used for
endometrium
platelet and rbc cell differentiation needs
platelet - thrombopoeitin
rbc - erythropoietin
gland types
simple - tubular, branched tubular, coiled tubular, branched alveolar
compound - tubular, alveolar
define gland
epithelial cell specialised for secretion
what ground substance contains
water, GAG, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
where glycosylation happens
golgi
what is fetal skeleton made of
hyaline
what is ligament and tendon
ligament - bone to bone
tendon - muscle to bone
what type of cartilage in hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
hyaline and elastic - mostly type 2
fibrocartilage - mostly type 1
what surrounds schwann cells
neurolemma
what produces platelets
megakaryocytes
what also occurs alongside hypertrophy of muscles within the muscle
increased glycolysis, mitochondria, glycogen storage, blood flow
what type of CTis blood and adipose
loose
what are langerhan cells and where found
APC of skin in prickle cell layer
where find elastic, fibrocartilage and hyaline
elastic - auricle and auditory tube
fibrocartilage - IV discs and pubic symph
hyaline - resp airways and joints
what used to fix tissues
formaldehyde
what used to stain myelin sheaths
osmium tetroxide
give features of cardiac muscle
branching, intercalated discs, striations, central nucleus
why shrinkage artefacts happen
dehydration + rehydration in slide prerp
skeletal muscle histology
peripheral nuclei, multinucleated, striations, tightly packed (no gap junctions)
