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PPE > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the? 3 class 1 antiarrythmics and how do they affect the AP

A

1a - lengthens AP
2b - Shortens AP
1c - No effect on AP

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2
Q

What is the molecular action of beta blockers

A

inhibit AC to decrease ionotropy

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3
Q

What is the MoA of adenosine?

A

Resets heart by acting on A1 receptors to decresae AC at AVN and increasing K+ conductance.

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4
Q

What is the MoA of organic nitrates?

A

Dilate coronary artery and venodilate to reduce preload

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5
Q

What is the MoA of NO?

A

Increase GC –> increased cGMP –> decreased calcium

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6
Q

Draw out the pacemaker AP

A

See book.

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7
Q

What is the funny current?

A

Na channel activated by hyperpolarisation

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8
Q

Draw out the cardiac AP

A

see book

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9
Q

How does the cerebrum ensure adequate circulation?

A

High cap density, high flow rate, high o2 extraction rate

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10
Q

How is a hypoplastic heart formed?

A

Pinching shut of endocardial tube

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11
Q

How long should the QRS and PR interval take

A

QRS - 0.12s

PR - 0.12-0.2s

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12
Q

Name the acyanotic heart defects

A

ASD, VSD, PFO, PDA, coarctation of aorta

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13
Q

Name the cyanotic heart defects

A

tetralogy of fallot, tricuspid atresia, transposition of great vessels, hypoplastic left heart

3Ts 1H

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14
Q

State the histology of cardiac muscle

A

Striations, branching, central nuclei, intercalated discs, gap junctions

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15
Q

What are after depolarisations caused by?

A

Increased intracellular calcium

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16
Q

Give 3 causes of arrhythmias

A

Ectopic pacemaker activity, After depolarisations, reentry loops

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17
Q

What is the tetralogy of fallot?

A

VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, RVH

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18
Q

What is the right and left AV valves called?

A

MitraL - left

tricuspid - right

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19
Q

Where is the vasa vasorum found?

A

TA of great vessels

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20
Q

What 3 things can cause 1st degree heart block?

A

Digoxin toxicity, coronary artery disease, electrolyte imbalance

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21
Q

What is the result of coarctation of the aorta/

A

increased pressure –> LVH

22
Q

What receptor and neurotransmitter is responsible for increasing and decreasing HR?

A

Increase HR - NA on alpha2

Decrease HR - ACh on M2

23
Q

What is cushings reflex?

A

Increased ICP –> decreased blood flow –> Increased sympathetic action to restore blood flow

24
Q

Where do the baroreceptors transmit their signals to?

A

medulla oblongata

25
Q

Name the pressures found in the RA, LA, LV, RV, PA, Aorta

A

RA - 2, RV - 20,
LA - 5, LV - 120,
PA - 20/10, aorta - 120/80

26
Q

How does ischemia lead to vasodilation?

A

build up of metabolites e.g. H+, co2, adenosine

27
Q

What effect does alpha 1 receptors have?

A

vasoconstriction

28
Q

What effect does M3 receptors have?

A

airways and pupil contraction

29
Q

What is the average stroke volume?

A

80 ml

30
Q

How do you increase the sound of S1 and S2?

A

S1 - expiration

S2 - inspiration

31
Q

What is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

provides attachments for cusps and electrical insulation

32
Q

When is alpha and beta thalassemia detected?

A

alpha - before birth

beta - after birth

33
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A

elastic - aorta and PA. Vasa vasorum
muscular - lots of smooth muscl
arterioles - thin TI

34
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A

fibrous and serous (parietal and visceral)

35
Q

Draw the arteries and veins of the heart

A

see book.

36
Q

How would you investigate a coronary artery blockage?

A

angiogram

37
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

remnant of FO

38
Q

What are the muscles in the interior of the ventricles and atria called?

A

ventricles - trabeculae carnae

atria - pectinate

39
Q

What muscles attach to the chordae tendinae? What is their purpose?

A

papillary - prevents cusps prolapsing

40
Q

What is eisenmenger syndrome?

A

Left to right shunt –> increased pulmonary pressure –> right to left shunt

41
Q

Explain how smooth muscle contracts

A

increase in calcium –> activated CaM –> activating MLCK –> phosphorylates mysoin heads

42
Q

Draw out the JVP wave form

A

see book

43
Q

What nerve innervates the pericardium

A

phrenic

44
Q

define shock

A

circulatory failure with generalised lack of oxygen

45
Q

What is cardiogenic shock + give example

A

failure of heart to pump blood e.g. arrhythmia

46
Q

What is mechanical shock? How would you treat/

A

cardiac tamponade. 5th intercostal space left sternal edge aspiration or subxiphoid approach

47
Q

How do you treat angina?

A

nitrate spray, beta blockers, CCB, statins, ACEi, stent

48
Q

What would show on an ECG if someone had a previous MI?

A

pathological Q waves

49
Q

How do you diagnose angina?

A

history, stress test on treadmill (look for ST depression)

50
Q

What are the signs of left and right HF

A

left - tachy, fatigue, S3/S4, oedema

right - fatigue, ascites, increased JVP, anorexia

51
Q

What is S3 caused by? How does it sound? Is it always abnormal?

A

Can be normal in children and athletes
caused by increased ventricular filling e.g. in HF, mitral regurg, VSD, dilated cardiomyopathy
Sounds like Kentucky

52
Q

What is S4 caused by? How does it sound? Is it always abnormal?

A

always abnormal
Caused by ventricular stiffness and forceful contraction of atria to overcome this e.g. in LVH, fibrosis of ventricle
Tennessee

PPE (18 decks)

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