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1
Q

innervation of pec major and minor. Actions?

A

pec major - lat and med pectoral nerve. flexes, extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus
pec minor - med pec nerves. Stabilises scapula, draws it anterior and inferior

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2
Q

subclavius action and innervation

A

action - anchors and depresses clavicle

innervation - nerve to subclavius

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3
Q

function of clavicle

A

shock absorber, protects neurovascular bundle underneath

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4
Q

where do scapula and clavicle join

A

acromioclavicular joint

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5
Q

what are the types of bone and give eg

A

long (humerus), short (carpals), irregular (eg saccrum or coccyx), sesmoid (patella), flat (occipital)

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6
Q

what is an apophysis

A

normal developmental outgrowth of bones that fuses to bone later in development

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7
Q

what is a facet

A

flattened surface for joint or muscle attachment

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8
Q

types of joints and egs

A

cartilaginous - held by hyaline cartilage e.g. pubic symphysis
fibrous - fibrous CT e.g. sutures
synovial - articular cartilage with synovial capsule in between e.g. knee

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9
Q

state anterior forearm muscles and innervation

A

flexor carpi ulnaris, radialis, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum P and S, pronator quadratus, pronator teres, palmaris longus

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10
Q

state posterior forearm muscles

A

3x3+3
extensor carpi radialis longus brevis, ulnaris
extensor digiti minimi, indices, digitorum
extensor pollicis longus, brevis, abductor pollicis longus
supinator, brachioradialis, anconeus

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11
Q

What are the origins of the brachial plexus nerves - median, musculocutaneous, ulnar, radial, axillary?

A 
median - C5-T1
musculocutaneous - c5-7
radial - c5-t1
ulnar - c8-t1
axillary - C5-6
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12
Q

draw brachial plexus

A

see book

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13
Q

what does musculocutaenous innervate

A

ant muscles of arm - biceps, coracobrachialis and brachialis

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14
Q

what does axillary innervate

A

teres minor, deltoid, GH joint

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15
Q

how would you test ulnar, median, radial motor fucntion?

A

ulnar - test abduction of fingers
medial - test thumb opposition
radial - extend wrist with opposition

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16
Q

what innervates the interossei and what is their action

A

PADDAB

ulnar

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17
Q

what are the thenar muscles and their innervation

A 
Abs FOr Ads
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis (median)
Adductor pollicis brevis (ulnar)
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18
Q

hypothenar muscles?

A

Abs FO

no Ads

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19
Q

how test carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms?

A

tinels (tap on nerve and see if pins and needles)

smyptoms - pain and wrist, numbness, atrophy of thenar

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20
Q

what goes through carpal tunnel?

A

FDP, FDS, flexor pollicis, median nerve

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21
Q

what causes carpal tunnel?

A

MEDIAN TRAP

myxoedema, oedema premenstrually, diabetes, idiopathic, acromegaly, neoplasm, trauma, RA, pregnancy

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22
Q

what innervates lumbricals? action?

A

1+2 = median
3+4 = ulnar
bye bye muscle

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23
Q

what causes winged scapula? symptoms?

A

caused by dmg to long thoracic nerve or serratus anterior

symptoms - pain on flexion or abduction of shoulder, scapula border protrudes

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24
Q

what is hand of benediction caused by and action?

A

median damage. lose flexion digits 2 + 3 when trying to make a fist

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25
what is the ulnar paradox
ulnar damage more proximal looks better even though worse | because proximal damage takes out half FDP and therefore there is no flexion at distal IP joint of digits 4+5
26
what is ulnar claw
extension at MCP and flexion at distal IP of digits 4+5 when trying to extend
27
if clavicle fractures, where does each part go
lateral displaced downward by weight of arm | medial upwards by pull of SCM
28
how test axillary nerve
abduction of deltoid
29
what does the radial groove contain
radial nerve, deep branch of brachial artery
30
how does supraepicondyle fracture of humerus happen? what is damaged
fall on flexed elbow | damage to brachial artery, median, ulnar, radial nerves
31
what is dislocation and subluxation
dislocation - articular surfaces of joint not in contact | subluxation - partial contact maintained
32
what is exaggerated primary curvature of spine called
kyphosis
33
where are the primary and secondary curvatures of spine found
primary - thoracic and sacral | secondary - cervical and lumbar
34
describe features of cervical vertebrae
bifid spinous process, transverse foramen, large vertebral foramen, smallest size
35
describe features of thoracic vertebrae
demi facets for ribs, small vertebral foramen, medium size
36
describe features of lumbar vertebrae
largest, small triangular vertebral foramen
37
what is scoliosis caused by
unbalanced muscle tonicity
38
what is the elbow joint ligaments
ulnar collateral, radial colateral, articular capsule, annular ligament
39
what is blood supply of elbow
anastamoses of brachial, radial, ulnar arteries
40
what is the type of joint between the radius and ulna
fibrous
41
how do you treat carpal tunnel syndroe
steroid injection, splinting, surgery
42
what is colles and smiths
colles - falling on outstretched hands | smiths - falling on flexed wrists
43
what is bennetts fracture
fracture of 1st base of metacarpal
44
what can cause erbs palsy
wound e.g. gunshot, pulling baby head frist
45
what is mallet finger
damage to extensor digitorum tendon while catching a ball
46
where does axillary artery start and end
start - lateral border of 1st rib from subclavius | end - inferior border of teres major
47
innervations of lat dorsi, trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae?
lat d - thoracodorsal nerve trapezius - spinal accessory rhomboids and levator - dorsal scapula nerve
48
innervation of subscapularis and teres major
subscapularis - upper and lower subscapular nerves | teres major - lower subscapular nerves
49
borders of anatomical snuffbox
medial - extensor pollicis longus lateral - abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis floor - scaphoid
50
what does acetabular notch contain
ligament of head of femur with artery to head of femur
51
what is the blood supply to the acetabulum
medial and lateral circumflex femoral artery with artery to head of femur
52
what is slipped upper femoral epiphysis
fracture through femoral epiphyseal plate and femur rides upwards
53
what happens to the leg in a hip dislocation or fracture
dislocation - shortened and medially rotated | fracture - shortened and laterally rotated
54
what type of fracture is trochanteric and femoral neck fracture?
trochanteric - extra capsular | femoral neck - intracapsular
55
where does inguinal ligament attach
ASIS and pubic tubercle
56
name the bursitises of the hip and a cause
trochanteric - RA ischogluteal - bike or horse riding illiopsoas - swelling
57
give the superficial drainage of the lower limb
femoral vein from external iliac. great saphenous vein runs medially from femoral and becomes dorsal venous arch. small saphenous vein starts from popliteal vein and runs posteriorly
58
deep venous drainage of LL
femoral from external iliac. Profunda femoris splits from femoral (drains deep thigh). Femoral --> popliteal --> splits after knee into ant and post tibial vein and fibular vein
59
superficial venous drainage of UL
axillary vein --> basilic, brachial, cephalic. Median cubital connects basilic and cephalic. basilic and cephalic continue to distal arm and hand.
60
deep venous drainage UL
brachial from axillary. Profundia brachial vein splits to drain inner upper arm. brachial --> radial and ulnar/
61
action of fibularis and tibialis
fibularis - eversion | tibialis - inversion
62
innervation of anterior and lateral leg
anterior - deep fibular | lateral leg - superficial fibular
63
name the knee bursae and where found
suprapatellar - rectus femoris and femus subpatellar - patella and skin superficial infrapatellar - tibial tuberosity and skin deep infrapatellar - patella tendon and tibia
64
what is housemaids knee
prepatella bursitis
65
what is the unhappy triad of symptoms and how does it occur
lateral blow to flexed knee | acl, mcl, and medial meniscus tear
66
diagnosis of OA on xray
osteophytes, sclerosis, loss of joint space, bony cysts
67
in what position is ankle stronger?
dorsiflexion
68
what are the ankle ligaments
medial - deltoid ligament (tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, tibiotalar) lateral - talofibular (anterior and posterior), calcaneofibular
69
what side ankle ligaments are w4eaker
lateral
70
what is the syndesmosis of tibia and fibula made of
ant and post ligament of lateral malleolus and interosseus membrane
71
describe muscles used through the gait cycle
``` heel strike - glutes and dorsiflexors loading - quads stance - plantar flexors and abductors (stability) pressing - digit flexors and hip flexors swing - dorsiflexors and hip flexors ```
72
what are the dermatomes of the lower limb
see session 4 MSK
73
dermatomes of upper limb
see session 4 MSK
74
Name muscles of anterior thigh and action and innervation
``` all femoral quadriceps muscles - extend knee joint sartorius - flex, abduct, lateral rotate hip (cross legs) pectineus - adduction and flexion of hip illiopsoas - flexes hip ```
75
Name muscles of posterior thigh and action and innervation
all sciatic | all flex at knee and extend at hip
76
Name muscles of medial thigh and action and innervation
all obturator nerve | adductor magnus, longus, brevis, gracialis - adducts
77
nerve roots of femoral, obturator and sciatic
femoral and obturator - l2-l4 | sciatic - l5-s2
78
muscles of superficial gluteus, innervation and action
maximus - inferior gluteal nerve. Extensor of thigh | medius and minimus - superior gluteal nerve. Abducts and medially rotates lower limb
79
muscles of deep gluteus, innervation and action
``` All laterally rotate and abduct Pretty Girls Often Grow Old Quickly Piriformis - piriformis nerve Gemelli superior - ob internus ob internus - ob internus nerve gemelli inferior - quadratus femoris nerve ob externus - ob externus nerve quadratus femoris - quadratus femoris nerve ```
80
muscles of lateral leg, innervation and action
fibularis longus and brevis superficial fibular nerve evert and plantarflex
81
muscles of anterior legm innervation and action
All deep fibular tibialis anterior - dorsiflexion + inversion extensor digitorum - extend 4 toes + dorsiflex extensor hallucis longus - extend big toe + dorsiflex
82
muscles of posterior leg innervation and action
All tibial nerve gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus - plantarflex popliteus - laterally rotates femur, pops knee out of locking tibialis post - inverts + plantarflexes flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
83
Order of tendons, arteries and nerves at medial malleolus
Tom, Dick And Nervous Harry - anterior to posterior | tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus

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