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PPE > Exam Qs > Flashcards

Exam Qs Flashcards

1
Q

name cells that secerete histamine in stomach

A

ECF-like cells

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2
Q

Symptoms of TACS, PACS, lacunar

A

TACS - HHHH - all - hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, hemianopia, higher cerebral dysfunction
PACS - 2 of HHH or just higher cerebral
lacunar - motor or sensory or motor-sensory or ataxic

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3
Q

what is higher cererbal dysfunction

A

lack of attention, language disorder, visiospatial disorder, memory, personality change, apraxia

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4
Q

function of temporal lobe and parietal lobe

A

temporal - memory, language (wernickes in dominant), hearing
parietal - dom - logic, calculation, speech, recognising objects, sensory integration
non dom - visiospatial (hemineglect), arts,

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5
Q

symptoms of temporal and parietal lobe stroke

A

dom parietal - problems with calc, agnosia (cant recognise objects), aphasia
non dom parietal - problems drawing, hemineglect
temporal - impaired memory, wernickes apahasia in dominant, selective memory,

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6
Q

how is the sleep cycle regualted

A

hypothalamus inhibits RAS for sleep. RAS activates thalamus to wake up

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7
Q

explain the process behind decerebrate posturing

A

corticospinal inhibits reticulo spinal but damage to corticospinal results in decerebrate prosturing.

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8
Q

explain process behind decorticate posturing

A

damage to corticospinal results in no inhibition. ruberospinal flexes upper limbs and reticulospinal extends lower.

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9
Q

explain how acetyl coa makes colesterol or ketone bodies

A

amount of insulin decides. With insulin goes to cholesterol. without goes to ketone bodies.

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10
Q

what is hematocrit

A

% of RBCs in blood

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11
Q

what is aphonia, aphasia, disarthria

A

aphasia - language disorder
aphonia - no voice
disarthria - unclear articulation
aphonia and disarthria are types of aphasia

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12
Q

commonest way for infection to spread to retropharyngeal space

A

teeth infection

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13
Q

pattern of inheritance of familial hypercholesterolemia

A

auto dominant

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14
Q

inflammatory markers in blood

A

CRP, WBCs

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15
Q

what layer is atheromas formed in

A

tunica intima

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16
Q

name a ketone body

A

beta-hydroxybuyrate

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17
Q

what would u see in a blood test indicating neural tube dysfunction

A

increased alpha-fetoprotein

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18
Q

what does RA and OA affet

A

RA - synovial membrane - thickens and inflames

OA - articular hyaline cartilage. Sclerosis and osteophytes

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19
Q

how does anemia affect blood flow

A

flow murmur

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20
Q

ions in vomit. is gastric juice hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic.

A

H, cl, K

gastric juice is hypertonic

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21
Q

symptoms of chronic uncontrolled asthma

A

reduced growth and chest wall deformities

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22
Q

histology of acute and chronic asthma

A

acute - oedema, mucus hypersecertion, bronchspasm

chronic - SM hypertrophy, mucus gland hyperplasia

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23
Q

where does oesophagus constrict

A

at start, through diaphragm, and at aortic arch

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24
Q

what is achalasia

A

lower oesophageal SM not relaxing

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25
Q

how test for hematuria

A

dip stick, microscopy urin

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26
Q

swellings in testes

A

hematocoele, varicocoele, hydrocoele, spermatocoele, torsion

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27
Q

how test testicular swelling

A

USS, MRI

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28
Q

hhistology of malignancy

A

poor differentiation, pleimorphic, increased mitotic figures

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29
Q

what is basal ganglia made of and functions

A

made of striatum and globus pallidus

functions to determine amplitude and velocity of movement and inhibit unwatned movements

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30
Q

how test female ovulation

A

plasma prog at day 21

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31
Q

what could pleuritic chest pain be

A

pneumonia, PE, TB, pneumothorax

32
Q

cofactors of erythropoiesis

A

b12 and folate

33
Q

antenatal tests

A

USS, dipstick (protein for pre eclampsia), BP, sugars (gestational diabetes), bloods (iron and folate)

34
Q

clinical signs of hypertension

A

headaches, blurred vision, epistaxis

35
Q

what is a pseudocyst and where would it happen

A

no epithelial cells

happens due to acute pancreatitis in lesser sac

36
Q

enzyme that conjugates bilirub

A

glucuronyl transferase

37
Q

signs of increased ICP

A

vomiting, altered consciousness, eye palsies (abducens), papilloedema

38
Q

condition of CSF coming out of ear

A

CSF otorrhoea

39
Q

nerves of femoral, sciatic and obturator

A

femoral and obturator - L2-L4

sciatic - L5-S3

40
Q

why is shoulder joint not likely to be dislocated superiorly

A

acromioclavicular joint in way

41
Q

signs of HF

A

increased JVP, oedema, pulmonary crackles, peripheral cyanosis

42
Q

how would you test blood flow through heart

A

echocardiogram

43
Q

area of bladder prone to stretching

A

trigone of bladder

44
Q

what is intention to treat analysis. why is it gud

A

everyone included if they adhered or dropped out. mirrors actual clinical practice

45
Q

receptors that vasodilate arteries

A

skeletal and coronary - b1, NA

everywhere else - NA acts on alpha1

46
Q

clinical signs of hyperthyroidism

A

hyperreflexia, tachycardia

47
Q

how does cell recognise viral infection and clear it

A

MHC1 recognised by CD8 cells

48
Q

fibrocytstic changes in breast

A

fibrosis, epithelial hyperplasia, cysts

49
Q

what damaged in ulcer of posterior wall of stomach

A

splenic artery, pancreas

50
Q

what happens to femur in dislocation and fracture and why

A

dislocation - medial rotation due to gluteal pull

fracture - external rotation due to illiopsoas pull

51
Q

what is the supinator reflex nerves

A

c5-6

52
Q

how measure true and apparent leg length

A

true - greater trochanter to medial malleolus

apparent - ASIS to medial malleolus

53
Q

what substances induce pyrexia and where do they act

A

TNF-alpha and IL-1 on hypothalamus

54
Q

what is a fibroid

A

benign tumour of uterine SM

55
Q

daily expenditure of 80kg male

A

12kJ

56
Q

inflammatory process mediators

A

histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane a2

57
Q

causes of polyhydriamnos

A

duodenal atresia, oesophageal atresia

58
Q

how is amniotic fluid produced in early and late stage

A

early - transudate across fetal skin and amnion

late - fetal urine in the kidneys

59
Q

blood supply of thalamus, internal capsule, pons, hypothalamus, medulla

A

thalamus - post cerebral
internal capsule - mid cerebral
pons - pontine arteries
hypothalamus - anterior and posterior cerebral
medulla - ant spinal. post inf cerebellum

60
Q

risk factors of breast cancer

A

breast feeding (protective), HRT/COCP, menopause age

61
Q

give examples of apocrine and holocrine sweat gland

A

apocrine - arm pits, groin sweat glands. Mammory glands

holocrine - sebaceous glands (hair), tarsal glands

62
Q

when is tamiflu affective

A

within 48 hrs of symptoms appearing

63
Q

what is status asthmaticus

A
64
Q

what is granuloma and granulation tissue

A

granuloma - foreign body walled off

granulation tissue - healing

65
Q

what does proline and lysine do to collagen

A

increase strength and stability

66
Q

what is histological features of type 1 and 2 muscle fibres

A

type 1 - slow, thinner diameter, redder (myoglobin), fatigue resistant, aerobic (more mitochondria??)

67
Q

what is gene penetrance

A

how likely gene will manifest itself

68
Q

give cancer metastases to bone, liver, brain, lungs

A

lungs - Real Hardcore Cancers Fill Both My lungs - RCC, HCC, Choriocarcinoma, Follicular thyroid, breast, melanoma

Brain - Cancer: Some Love Killing Brain Glia - Skin, lungs, Kidneys, breast, GI

Bone - PB-KTL - prostate, breast, kidney, thyroid, lung

Liver - Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver - colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, lung

69
Q

how carbimazole works

A

prevents iodinisation of thyroglobulin

70
Q

what happens to lactate

A

to glucose by liver

or to pyruvate by muscle, heart, brain

71
Q

Give SAN and cardiac AP

A

SAN - funny current, calcium in, potassium out

cardiac - Na in, K+ and Cl out, calcium in and K out, K out.

72
Q

commonest fracture area of scaphoid

A

waist of scaphoid

73
Q

what parts of brachial plexus under clavicle

A

branches and cord

74
Q

causes of aortic stenosis

A

age related calcification, rheumatic fever

75
Q

Drug for diarrhoea and MoA?

A

Loperamide - opioid

PPE (18 decks)

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