Exam Qs Flashcards
name cells that secerete histamine in stomach
ECF-like cells
Symptoms of TACS, PACS, lacunar
TACS - HHHH - all - hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, hemianopia, higher cerebral dysfunction
PACS - 2 of HHH or just higher cerebral
lacunar - motor or sensory or motor-sensory or ataxic
what is higher cererbal dysfunction
lack of attention, language disorder, visiospatial disorder, memory, personality change, apraxia
function of temporal lobe and parietal lobe
temporal - memory, language (wernickes in dominant), hearing
parietal - dom - logic, calculation, speech, recognising objects, sensory integration
non dom - visiospatial (hemineglect), arts,
symptoms of temporal and parietal lobe stroke
dom parietal - problems with calc, agnosia (cant recognise objects), aphasia
non dom parietal - problems drawing, hemineglect
temporal - impaired memory, wernickes apahasia in dominant, selective memory,
how is the sleep cycle regualted
hypothalamus inhibits RAS for sleep. RAS activates thalamus to wake up
explain the process behind decerebrate posturing
corticospinal inhibits reticulo spinal but damage to corticospinal results in decerebrate prosturing.
explain process behind decorticate posturing
damage to corticospinal results in no inhibition. ruberospinal flexes upper limbs and reticulospinal extends lower.
explain how acetyl coa makes colesterol or ketone bodies
amount of insulin decides. With insulin goes to cholesterol. without goes to ketone bodies.
what is hematocrit
% of RBCs in blood
what is aphonia, aphasia, disarthria
aphasia - language disorder
aphonia - no voice
disarthria - unclear articulation
aphonia and disarthria are types of aphasia
commonest way for infection to spread to retropharyngeal space
teeth infection
pattern of inheritance of familial hypercholesterolemia
auto dominant
inflammatory markers in blood
CRP, WBCs
what layer is atheromas formed in
tunica intima
name a ketone body
beta-hydroxybuyrate
what would u see in a blood test indicating neural tube dysfunction
increased alpha-fetoprotein
what does RA and OA affet
RA - synovial membrane - thickens and inflames
OA - articular hyaline cartilage. Sclerosis and osteophytes
how does anemia affect blood flow
flow murmur
ions in vomit. is gastric juice hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic.
H, cl, K
gastric juice is hypertonic
symptoms of chronic uncontrolled asthma
reduced growth and chest wall deformities
histology of acute and chronic asthma
acute - oedema, mucus hypersecertion, bronchspasm
chronic - SM hypertrophy, mucus gland hyperplasia
where does oesophagus constrict
at start, through diaphragm, and at aortic arch
what is achalasia
lower oesophageal SM not relaxing
how test for hematuria
dip stick, microscopy urin
swellings in testes
hematocoele, varicocoele, hydrocoele, spermatocoele, torsion
how test testicular swelling
USS, MRI
hhistology of malignancy
poor differentiation, pleimorphic, increased mitotic figures
what is basal ganglia made of and functions
made of striatum and globus pallidus
functions to determine amplitude and velocity of movement and inhibit unwatned movements
how test female ovulation
plasma prog at day 21
what could pleuritic chest pain be
pneumonia, PE, TB, pneumothorax
cofactors of erythropoiesis
b12 and folate
antenatal tests
USS, dipstick (protein for pre eclampsia), BP, sugars (gestational diabetes), bloods (iron and folate)
clinical signs of hypertension
headaches, blurred vision, epistaxis
what is a pseudocyst and where would it happen
no epithelial cells
happens due to acute pancreatitis in lesser sac
enzyme that conjugates bilirub
glucuronyl transferase
signs of increased ICP
vomiting, altered consciousness, eye palsies (abducens), papilloedema
condition of CSF coming out of ear
CSF otorrhoea
nerves of femoral, sciatic and obturator
femoral and obturator - L2-L4
sciatic - L5-S3
why is shoulder joint not likely to be dislocated superiorly
acromioclavicular joint in way
signs of HF
increased JVP, oedema, pulmonary crackles, peripheral cyanosis
how would you test blood flow through heart
echocardiogram
area of bladder prone to stretching
trigone of bladder
what is intention to treat analysis. why is it gud
everyone included if they adhered or dropped out. mirrors actual clinical practice
receptors that vasodilate arteries
skeletal and coronary - b1, NA
everywhere else - NA acts on alpha1
clinical signs of hyperthyroidism
hyperreflexia, tachycardia
how does cell recognise viral infection and clear it
MHC1 recognised by CD8 cells
fibrocytstic changes in breast
fibrosis, epithelial hyperplasia, cysts
what damaged in ulcer of posterior wall of stomach
splenic artery, pancreas
what happens to femur in dislocation and fracture and why
dislocation - medial rotation due to gluteal pull
fracture - external rotation due to illiopsoas pull
what is the supinator reflex nerves
c5-6
how measure true and apparent leg length
true - greater trochanter to medial malleolus
apparent - ASIS to medial malleolus
what substances induce pyrexia and where do they act
TNF-alpha and IL-1 on hypothalamus
what is a fibroid
benign tumour of uterine SM
daily expenditure of 80kg male
12kJ
inflammatory process mediators
histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane a2
causes of polyhydriamnos
duodenal atresia, oesophageal atresia
how is amniotic fluid produced in early and late stage
early - transudate across fetal skin and amnion
late - fetal urine in the kidneys
blood supply of thalamus, internal capsule, pons, hypothalamus, medulla
thalamus - post cerebral
internal capsule - mid cerebral
pons - pontine arteries
hypothalamus - anterior and posterior cerebral
medulla - ant spinal. post inf cerebellum
risk factors of breast cancer
breast feeding (protective), HRT/COCP, menopause age
give examples of apocrine and holocrine sweat gland
apocrine - arm pits, groin sweat glands. Mammory glands
holocrine - sebaceous glands (hair), tarsal glands
when is tamiflu affective
within 48 hrs of symptoms appearing
what is status asthmaticus
what is granuloma and granulation tissue
granuloma - foreign body walled off
granulation tissue - healing
what does proline and lysine do to collagen
increase strength and stability
what is histological features of type 1 and 2 muscle fibres
type 1 - slow, thinner diameter, redder (myoglobin), fatigue resistant, aerobic (more mitochondria??)
what is gene penetrance
how likely gene will manifest itself
give cancer metastases to bone, liver, brain, lungs
lungs - Real Hardcore Cancers Fill Both My lungs - RCC, HCC, Choriocarcinoma, Follicular thyroid, breast, melanoma
Brain - Cancer: Some Love Killing Brain Glia - Skin, lungs, Kidneys, breast, GI
Bone - PB-KTL - prostate, breast, kidney, thyroid, lung
Liver - Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver - colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, lung
how carbimazole works
prevents iodinisation of thyroglobulin
what happens to lactate
to glucose by liver
or to pyruvate by muscle, heart, brain
Give SAN and cardiac AP
SAN - funny current, calcium in, potassium out
cardiac - Na in, K+ and Cl out, calcium in and K out, K out.
commonest fracture area of scaphoid
waist of scaphoid
what parts of brachial plexus under clavicle
branches and cord
causes of aortic stenosis
age related calcification, rheumatic fever
Drug for diarrhoea and MoA?
Loperamide - opioid
