Toad anatomy and skeletal system Flashcards
difference between frog and toads
frogs - smoother skin, jump more, live near water, frogs can do cutaneous respiration
toads - rough skin, warts, terrestrial, glands, poisonous
what is integumentary system
external parts
dorsal
top - back or upper surface
ventral
bottom - stomach or the lower surface
anterior
front - head
posterior
rear, tail end
plane that divides the body into right and left parts
sagittal plane
divides the body into front and back halves or into dorsal and ventral sections
frontal plane
divides the body into top and bottom halves or anterior and posterior sections
transverse plane
structure is close to the point of attachment
proximal
structure is far away from the point of attachment
distal
closer to the midline
medial
towards the side
lateral
towards the head
cranial
towards the tail
caudal
Ways to differentiate female frog to male frog
- male: dark pigmentation on the jaw
female: no distinct dark pigmentation - male: enlarged thumb pads
female: not enlarged - male: smaller
female: bigger
ways to differentiate poison glands and mucus glands
poison: larger, less umber, thinner walls
mucus: smaller, more numerous, thicker walls
composition of stratum compactum
layers of white fibrous connective tissue compactly arranged
axial region is composed of
head and trunk
most anterior portion of the head
snout
keeps the eyes moist when underwater
nictitating membrane
location of tympanic membrane relative to the eye
poterolateral
function of tympanic membrane
covering the auditory canal
appendicular region is made of
forelimbs and hindlimbs
rudimentary thumb in forelimbs is called
prepollux
carpus
wrist
manus
hand
number of digits in the hindlimbs
five
rudimentary toe
prehallux
branchium
upper arm
antebrachium
forearm
pes
foot
differentiate exoskeleton and endoskeleton
exoskeleton: hard external skeleton protecting the outer surface of an organism such as arthropods: snails
endoskeleton: internal skeleton, enclosed by bounded tissues
two main types of supportive tissue present in endoskeleton
cartilage, bone
location of axial endoskeleton
center or axis of the body
components of axial endoskeleton
skull, visceral skeleton, vertebral column, sternum
location of appendicular endoskeleton
laterally or in the region of extremities or appendages
components of appendicular endoskeleton
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, anterior limbs, posterior limbs
branching, overlapping plates of matrix in spongy bone is called
trabeculae
function of trabeculae
produce large interconnecting cave-like spaces which contains bone marrows and blood vessels
flat, triangular-shaped bones on the dorsal surface of the
skull just behind the nare
nasal bones
immediately posterior to the nasal is a median, single irregularly shaped
bone called the
sphenethmoid
Bone that enclose the inner ears
prootics
two long, slender, flat bones, just behind the sphenethmoid
frontoparietal
cover most of the brain
frontoparietal
large opening at the posterior portion of the skull bounded by the exoccipital, brain and spinal cord connect here
foramen magnum
Surrounding the posterior part of the brain is a bone called
exoccipital
pair of prominent bone projecting from the exociipital
occipital condyles
upper jaw is formed by the
premaxillae, maxillae, quadratojugals
paired, short, teeth-bearing bones
that form the anterior most edge of the upper jaw
premaxilla
paired curved teeth-bearing bones, forming the margin of
the jaw
maxilla
longest bones of the upper jaw
maxilla
Short bones make up the posterior part of the upper jaw, but unlike the
premaxilla and maxilla, these do not bear teeth.
quadratojugals
hammered shape bones on the lateral end of the prootics
squamosal
serves as a brace between the
cranium and the posterior portion of the jaws to support the cartilaginous
auditory region.
squamosal
two large openings on the side of the frontoparietal which are bound at the center, capsule the eyes
orbit
where sound waves are transmitted going to the inner ear
columella
two flat, wing-shaped bones in the roof of the mouth just
posterior to the premaxilla
vomers
slender, rod-like bones on the lower side of the cranium just
posterior to the vomers
palatines
dagger-shaped single bone that forms the floor of the cranium
parasphenoid
three-rayed bone serving as braces
pterygoid
endoskeletal structure derived from the gill arches
visceral skeleton
components of visceral skeleton in frog
upper and lower jaws, hyoid apparatus, cartilages supporting ventral wall or larynx
two small bones that unite the two halves of the jaw
mentomeckelian
most anterior bone in the lower jaw
mentomeckelian
median bone of the lower jaw
dentary
posterior bone of the lower jaw
angulosplenial
thin plate of bone that articulates with the
mentomeckelian in front and is joined to the outer surface of the anterior
part of the angulosplenial
dentary
strong bone forming the inner and ventral part of
each posterior half of the mandible
angulosplenial
angulosplenial is expanded into a medially projecting __ process which serves for muscle attachment
coronoid
location of the hyoid apparatus
floor of the mouth
flattened median region of the
hyoid apparatus
body of the hyoid
Extending as a pair of lateral expansions on the anterior side of the body
of the hyoid apparatus are the
alary processes
pair of longer, horn-like cartilages arising from the
antero-medial border of the alary processes
anterior cornua
A pair of pointed but shorter horn-like cartilages arises from the postero-lateral border of the body of the hyoid
posterior cornua
Medial to the posterior cornua is a pair of elongated bony processes
thyroid processes
Ventral to the suprascapula, bone corresponding to the human shoulder blade
scapula
Postero-lateral to the scapula is a cup-shaped depression known as
glenoid fossa
at the midventral regioin of the girdle is a pair of small bones called
epicoracoid
join the identical halves of the pectoral girdle
epicoracoid
space found lateral to the epicoracoid.
fenestra
collar bone
clavicle
slender bone anterior to the fenestra
clavicle
broader bone posterior to the fenestra
coracoid
breastbone
sternum
thin circular cartilage attached to the omosternum
episternum
tapered bone attached to the clavicle
omosternum
heart shaped cartilage found at the posterior end of sternum
xiphisternum
Projecting anteriorly from the clavicles is a flat cartilage
episternum
unpaired bone, shaped like an inverted Y immediately posterior to the episternum
omosternum
Projecting posteriorly from the
coracoid bones is an unpaired bone
mesosternum
sternum ends in a large, flat, bifurcated cartilage known as
xiphisternum
supports the hindlimbs
pelvic girdle
first vertebra
atlas
where are transverse processes strongest
third and fourth vertebrae
what do transverse processes represent
fused ribs
why does the atlas not have transverse processes?
It is specialized for the occipital condyles of the skull
ninth vertebra
sacral vertebra
why is the ninth vertebra enlarged
to accommodate for the connection of the girdle
10th vertebra
urostyle
function of transverse processes
muscle attachment
dorsal to the centrum is a cavity which encloses the spinal cord
neural canal
neural canal is bounded by
neural arch
centra of the first seven vertebrae shape
procoelous or concave in front and convex behind
eight vertebra shape
amphicoelous - both sides concave
two pairs of articulating processes extending forward and backward from the neural arch
zygapophyses
zygapophyses directed upward
prezygapophyses
zygapophyses directed downward
postzygapophyses
centrum of ninth vertebra shape
acoelous - both ends are flat
largest part of the pelvic girdle
ilium
function of ilium
articulates with the transverse process of the sacral vertebra
function of acetabulum
accommodates head of the femur
large bone on the most posterior end of the pelvic girlde
ischium
small triangular bone immediately ventral to the ilium and anterior to the ischium
pubis
bone of the upper arm
humerus
where is deltoid crest/ridge found
ventral side of humerus
radio-ulna inner and outer
inner: radius
outer: ulna
Along the more proximal half of its shaft, the humerus develops a ventrally projecting __ for the attachment of muscle
deltoid ridge
At its distal end, the humerus possesses a rounded surface (for
articulation with the radioulna), flanked on either side by small projections
known as
epicondyles
proximal end of the radioulna is extended into a
process, known as the
olecranon
function of olecranon
serves for attachment of muscles
bones of the palm
metacarpal
phalanges
bones of the fingers
number of phalanges in frog’s hand
0,2,2,3,3
bone of the thigh
femur
head of the femur articulates with the
acetabolum
anklebones
tarsals
inner and outer bone of tibio-fibula
inner: tibia
outer: fibula
proximal row of the tarsal bone
astragalus or tibiale
tarsal bone distal to the fibula
calcaneus or fibulare
five long bones of the sole
metatarsals
small bone along with the normal five metatarsals
calcar
phalangeal formula of hindlimbs
2,2,3,4,3
one identical half of the pelvic girdle is called
innominate bone
bones of the wrist
carpals
how many carpals are present in a toad
six
Ventral, solid portion of a typical vertebrae
centrum
function of interconnecting cave-like spaces in spongy bone
storage and pockets to hold hemopoietic tissue of bone marrow, function in weight reduction
