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LBBBIO8 > Toad anatomy and skeletal system > Flashcards

Toad anatomy and skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

difference between frog and toads

A

frogs - smoother skin, jump more, live near water, frogs can do cutaneous respiration

toads - rough skin, warts, terrestrial, glands, poisonous

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2
Q

what is integumentary system

A

external parts

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3
Q

dorsal

A

top - back or upper surface

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4
Q

ventral

A

bottom - stomach or the lower surface

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5
Q

anterior

A

front - head

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6
Q

posterior

A

rear, tail end

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7
Q

plane that divides the body into right and left parts

A

sagittal plane

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8
Q

divides the body into front and back halves or into dorsal and ventral sections

A

frontal plane

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9
Q

divides the body into top and bottom halves or anterior and posterior sections

A

transverse plane

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10
Q

structure is close to the point of attachment

A

proximal

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11
Q

structure is far away from the point of attachment

A

distal

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12
Q

closer to the midline

A

medial

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13
Q

towards the side

A

lateral

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14
Q

towards the head

A

cranial

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15
Q

towards the tail

A

caudal

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16
Q

Ways to differentiate female frog to male frog

A
  1. male: dark pigmentation on the jaw
    female: no distinct dark pigmentation
  2. male: enlarged thumb pads
    female: not enlarged
  3. male: smaller
    female: bigger
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17
Q

ways to differentiate poison glands and mucus glands

A

poison: larger, less umber, thinner walls
mucus: smaller, more numerous, thicker walls

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18
Q

composition of stratum compactum

A

layers of white fibrous connective tissue compactly arranged

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19
Q

axial region is composed of

A

head and trunk

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20
Q

most anterior portion of the head

A

snout

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21
Q

keeps the eyes moist when underwater

A

nictitating membrane

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22
Q

location of tympanic membrane relative to the eye

A

poterolateral

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23
Q

function of tympanic membrane

A

covering the auditory canal

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24
Q

appendicular region is made of

A

forelimbs and hindlimbs

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25
Q

rudimentary thumb in forelimbs is called

A

prepollux

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26
Q

carpus

A

wrist

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27
Q

manus

A

hand

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28
Q

number of digits in the hindlimbs

A

five

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29
Q

rudimentary toe

A

prehallux

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30
Q

branchium

A

upper arm

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31
Q

antebrachium

A

forearm

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32
Q

pes

A

foot

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33
Q

differentiate exoskeleton and endoskeleton

A

exoskeleton: hard external skeleton protecting the outer surface of an organism such as arthropods: snails

endoskeleton: internal skeleton, enclosed by bounded tissues

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34
Q

two main types of supportive tissue present in endoskeleton

A

cartilage, bone

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35
Q

location of axial endoskeleton

A

center or axis of the body

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36
Q

components of axial endoskeleton

A

skull, visceral skeleton, vertebral column, sternum

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37
Q

location of appendicular endoskeleton

A

laterally or in the region of extremities or appendages

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38
Q

components of appendicular endoskeleton

A

pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, anterior limbs, posterior limbs

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39
Q

branching, overlapping plates of matrix in spongy bone is called

A

trabeculae

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40
Q

function of trabeculae

A

produce large interconnecting cave-like spaces which contains bone marrows and blood vessels

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41
Q

flat, triangular-shaped bones on the dorsal surface of the
skull just behind the nare

A

nasal bones

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42
Q

immediately posterior to the nasal is a median, single irregularly shaped
bone called the

A

sphenethmoid

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43
Q

Bone that enclose the inner ears

A

prootics

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44
Q

two long, slender, flat bones, just behind the sphenethmoid

A

frontoparietal

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45
Q

cover most of the brain

A

frontoparietal

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46
Q

large opening at the posterior portion of the skull bounded by the exoccipital, brain and spinal cord connect here

A

foramen magnum

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47
Q

Surrounding the posterior part of the brain is a bone called

A

exoccipital

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48
Q

pair of prominent bone projecting from the exociipital

A

occipital condyles

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49
Q

upper jaw is formed by the

A

premaxillae, maxillae, quadratojugals

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50
Q

paired, short, teeth-bearing bones
that form the anterior most edge of the upper jaw

A

premaxilla

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51
Q

paired curved teeth-bearing bones, forming the margin of
the jaw

A

maxilla

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52
Q

longest bones of the upper jaw

A

maxilla

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53
Q

Short bones make up the posterior part of the upper jaw, but unlike the
premaxilla and maxilla, these do not bear teeth.

A

quadratojugals

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54
Q

hammered shape bones on the lateral end of the prootics

A

squamosal

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55
Q

serves as a brace between the
cranium and the posterior portion of the jaws to support the cartilaginous
auditory region.

A

squamosal

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56
Q

two large openings on the side of the frontoparietal which are bound at the center, capsule the eyes

A

orbit

57
Q

where sound waves are transmitted going to the inner ear

A

columella

58
Q

two flat, wing-shaped bones in the roof of the mouth just
posterior to the premaxilla

A

vomers

59
Q

slender, rod-like bones on the lower side of the cranium just
posterior to the vomers

A

palatines

60
Q

dagger-shaped single bone that forms the floor of the cranium

A

parasphenoid

61
Q

three-rayed bone serving as braces

A

pterygoid

62
Q

endoskeletal structure derived from the gill arches

A

visceral skeleton

63
Q

components of visceral skeleton in frog

A

upper and lower jaws, hyoid apparatus, cartilages supporting ventral wall or larynx

64
Q

two small bones that unite the two halves of the jaw

A

mentomeckelian

65
Q

most anterior bone in the lower jaw

A

mentomeckelian

66
Q

median bone of the lower jaw

A

dentary

67
Q

posterior bone of the lower jaw

A

angulosplenial

68
Q

thin plate of bone that articulates with the
mentomeckelian in front and is joined to the outer surface of the anterior
part of the angulosplenial

A

dentary

69
Q

strong bone forming the inner and ventral part of
each posterior half of the mandible

A

angulosplenial

70
Q

angulosplenial is expanded into a medially projecting __ process which serves for muscle attachment

A

coronoid

71
Q

location of the hyoid apparatus

A

floor of the mouth

72
Q

flattened median region of the
hyoid apparatus

A

body of the hyoid

73
Q

Extending as a pair of lateral expansions on the anterior side of the body
of the hyoid apparatus are the

A

alary processes

74
Q

pair of longer, horn-like cartilages arising from the
antero-medial border of the alary processes

A

anterior cornua

75
Q

A pair of pointed but shorter horn-like cartilages arises from the postero-lateral border of the body of the hyoid

A

posterior cornua

76
Q

Medial to the posterior cornua is a pair of elongated bony processes

A

thyroid processes

77
Q

Ventral to the suprascapula, bone corresponding to the human shoulder blade

A

scapula

78
Q

Postero-lateral to the scapula is a cup-shaped depression known as

A

glenoid fossa

79
Q

at the midventral regioin of the girdle is a pair of small bones called

A

epicoracoid

80
Q

join the identical halves of the pectoral girdle

A

epicoracoid

81
Q

space found lateral to the epicoracoid.

A

fenestra

82
Q

collar bone

A

clavicle

83
Q

slender bone anterior to the fenestra

A

clavicle

84
Q

broader bone posterior to the fenestra

A

coracoid

85
Q

breastbone

A

sternum

86
Q

thin circular cartilage attached to the omosternum

A

episternum

87
Q

tapered bone attached to the clavicle

A

omosternum

88
Q

heart shaped cartilage found at the posterior end of sternum

A

xiphisternum

89
Q

Projecting anteriorly from the clavicles is a flat cartilage

A

episternum

90
Q

unpaired bone, shaped like an inverted Y immediately posterior to the episternum

A

omosternum

91
Q

Projecting posteriorly from the
coracoid bones is an unpaired bone

A

mesosternum

92
Q

sternum ends in a large, flat, bifurcated cartilage known as

A

xiphisternum

93
Q

supports the hindlimbs

A

pelvic girdle

94
Q

first vertebra

A

atlas

95
Q

where are transverse processes strongest

A

third and fourth vertebrae

96
Q

what do transverse processes represent

A

fused ribs

97
Q

why does the atlas not have transverse processes?

A

It is specialized for the occipital condyles of the skull

98
Q

ninth vertebra

A

sacral vertebra

99
Q

why is the ninth vertebra enlarged

A

to accommodate for the connection of the girdle

100
Q

10th vertebra

A

urostyle

101
Q

function of transverse processes

A

muscle attachment

102
Q

dorsal to the centrum is a cavity which encloses the spinal cord

A

neural canal

103
Q

neural canal is bounded by

A

neural arch

104
Q

centra of the first seven vertebrae shape

A

procoelous or concave in front and convex behind

105
Q

eight vertebra shape

A

amphicoelous - both sides concave

106
Q

two pairs of articulating processes extending forward and backward from the neural arch

A

zygapophyses

107
Q

zygapophyses directed upward

A

prezygapophyses

108
Q

zygapophyses directed downward

A

postzygapophyses

109
Q

centrum of ninth vertebra shape

A

acoelous - both ends are flat

110
Q

largest part of the pelvic girdle

A

ilium

111
Q

function of ilium

A

articulates with the transverse process of the sacral vertebra

112
Q

function of acetabulum

A

accommodates head of the femur

113
Q

large bone on the most posterior end of the pelvic girlde

A

ischium

114
Q

small triangular bone immediately ventral to the ilium and anterior to the ischium

A

pubis

115
Q

bone of the upper arm

A

humerus

116
Q

where is deltoid crest/ridge found

A

ventral side of humerus

117
Q

radio-ulna inner and outer

A

inner: radius
outer: ulna

118
Q

Along the more proximal half of its shaft, the humerus develops a ventrally projecting __ for the attachment of muscle

A

deltoid ridge

119
Q

At its distal end, the humerus possesses a rounded surface (for
articulation with the radioulna), flanked on either side by small projections
known as

A

epicondyles

120
Q

proximal end of the radioulna is extended into a
process, known as the

A

olecranon

121
Q

function of olecranon

A

serves for attachment of muscles

122
Q

bones of the palm

A

metacarpal

123
Q

phalanges

A

bones of the fingers

124
Q

number of phalanges in frog’s hand

A

0,2,2,3,3

125
Q

bone of the thigh

A

femur

126
Q

head of the femur articulates with the

A

acetabolum

127
Q

anklebones

A

tarsals

128
Q

inner and outer bone of tibio-fibula

A

inner: tibia
outer: fibula

129
Q

proximal row of the tarsal bone

A

astragalus or tibiale

130
Q

tarsal bone distal to the fibula

A

calcaneus or fibulare

131
Q

five long bones of the sole

A

metatarsals

132
Q

small bone along with the normal five metatarsals

A

calcar

133
Q

phalangeal formula of hindlimbs

A

2,2,3,4,3

134
Q

one identical half of the pelvic girdle is called

A

innominate bone

135
Q

bones of the wrist

A

carpals

136
Q

how many carpals are present in a toad

A

six

137
Q

Ventral, solid portion of a typical vertebrae

A

centrum

138
Q

function of interconnecting cave-like spaces in spongy bone

A

storage and pockets to hold hemopoietic tissue of bone marrow, function in weight reduction

LBBBIO8 (8 decks)

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