Mitosis and animal development Flashcards
What is the genetic material called during interphase
chromatin
when does nuclear membrane start to disintegrate or disappear
prophase
chromatin fibers start to appear as coiled, thickened, condensed structure called
chromosome
chromosome appear at what stage
prophase
structures in interphase
chromatin, nuclear membrane, centrosome
when are centrioles seen
prophase
when are aster seen
prophase
when does mitotic spindle form between centrioles
prophase
chromosomes are
aligned at the equatorial region
metaphase
chromosomes are joined together at their central region called
centromere
protein coat called __ is found in each of the sister chromatid
kinetochore
spindle fibers are attached at the __ of each chromosome
centromere
anaphase is divided into stages depending on the
distance travelled by the chromatids
cleavage furrow
telophase
structure at telophase
nuclear membrane and the
nucleolus start to reappear, chromosome uncoil
when does aster and mitotic spindle disappear
telophase
refers to the evolutionary history of the species
phylogenetic development
entire life history
of an organism
ontogenetic development
refers to the developing young from a fertilized egg to a form that is structurally similar to, but does not yet precisely
resemble, the adult
embryo
major stages of development
zygote, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis
involves the union of the sperm and egg
nuclei
fertilization
This process restores the chromosome number or diploid number of the organism
fertilization
what is the embryo called as result of fertilization
zygote
where does fertilization occur in frogs
externally: moist, damp places
process of transforming the single
celled zygote into a multicellular entity
cleavage
This process
involves a series of mitotic division, which transforms
the zygote to several cleavage cells or blastomeres.
cleavage
ball of cells formed as result of mitotic divisions during cleavage is called
morula
number of __ determines whether it is in early or late stage of cleavage
blastomeres
process that involves an internal
secretion of fluid by the blastomeres of the morula
blastulation
blastulation results in the formation of a fluid-filled cavity called
blastocoel
embryo during blastulation is called
blastula
when does endoderm and ectoderm appear
blastulation
what happens during blastulation
internal secretion of fluid by blastomeres, emergence of ectoderm and endoderm
outer layer of cells formed during blastulation
ectoderm
cells surrounding the blastocoel
endoderm
stage that involves major cell movements and rearrangements
to form the body plan characteristic of a species.
gastrulation
major cell movements and rearrangements
to form the body plan characteristic of a species is collectively referred to as
morphogenetic movements
future digestive tract of the embryo
gastrocoel or archenteron or primitve gut
opening leading to the gastrocoel is called
blastopore
future function of blastopore in deuterostomes (echinoderms and vertebrates)
anal or cloacal opening
future function of blastopore in protostomes (nematodes, mollusks, arthropods)
mouth
organ systems/structures derived from the ectoderm
CNS, sense organs, epidermis
organ systems/structures derived from the mesoderm
heart, muscles, urogenital system, vertebral column, dermis of the skin
organ systems/structures derived from the endoderm
lining of the intestinal tract, lungs
foundation of the organ systems of the animal
germ layers
formation of different organs
organogenesis
one of the organ systems that take shape the earliest
CNS
The central nervous system of vertebrates
develops from a dorsally situated ectodermal thickening called
neural plate
neural plate invaginates to form
neural fold
depression formed due to invagination of neural plate
neural groove
neural groove eventually develops into hollow
neural tube
process involving the development of
the CNS is called
neurulation
embryo during neurulation is called
neurula
embryo gets its nourishment from
yolk
frog’s egg is ____ type which means it contains moderate amount of yolk
mesolecithal
how long does transformation of tadpole to an adult frog occur
2.5 - 3 months
process of transformation of tadpole to adult frog
metamorphosis
area where the yolky material is
concentrated is the
vegetal pole
area opposite the vegetal pole is
called the
animal pole
distribution of yolk in frog is __ type
telolecithal
smaller blastomeres are called
micromeres
where are micromeres located
animal pole
larger blastomeres are called
macromeres
why are blastomeres larger in the vegetal pole
rate of cell division is hampered by the presence of yolk
where are macromeres located
vegetal pole
blastopore is bounded by the
dorsal and ventral lip
important events during gastrulation
laying out of archenteron or gastrocoel, establishment of three germ layers
serves as the main axial support of vertebrate
embryos
notochord
precursor of the brain and spinal cord
neural tube
cavity immediately below the notochord
archenteron or primitive gut
mass of cells lateral to the notochord
mesoderm
mesoderm is divided into segments or __
somites
most dorsal somite is the
epimere
where is epimere situated
level of notochord
middle portion of the mesoderm or somite
mesomere
origin of the urogenital system (specific)
mesomere
ventral most portion of the somite or mesoderm is divided into inner __ and outer __
splanchnic layer, somatic layer
cavity is formed between the splanchnic layer and somatic layer which is the future __
coelom or body cavity
