nervous system Flashcards
what are the two main divisions of nervous system
central and peripheral
functions of the brain
receives and process sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions
functions of spinal cord
conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activites
what controls reflex activites
spinal cord
what are the components of central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
what are the two different neurons under peripheral nervous system
motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent)
differentiate motor and sensory neurons
sensory - transmit electrical impulses from sensory organs to cns
motor - transmit electrical impulses from cns to impactor organs
what are the two regulators of motor neurons
somatic and autonomic
somatic vs autonomic
somatic - voluntary movements
autonomic - involuntary responses
what are the divisions of autnomic nervous system and their differences
sympathetic - fight or flight
parasympathetic - rest or digest
what are the 3 divisions of the brain
forebrain - prosencephalon
midbrain - mesencephalon
hindbrain - rhombencephalon
composition of forebrain
cerebrum and diencephalon
anterior most part of the forebrain
cerebrum or cerebral hemisphere
what is the thinking center of the brain
cerebrum or cerebral hemisphere
what forms the olfactory bulb
cerebrum
function of diencephalon or thalamus
functions in processing sensory
information
club-shaped endocrine gland projecting from the roof of the diencephalon
pineal gland
other term for diencephalon or thalamus
twist brain
ventral side of the diencephalon is
optic nerves
located at the floor of the diencephalon
infundibulum
posterior to the infundibulum is the
pituitary gland
posterior to the diencephalon is the
optic lobes
what do the optic lobes represent
midbrain
function of midbrain
coordinating
responses to visual inputs
what nerves emerge from the midbrain
cranial nerve III - oculomotor nerve
cranial nerve IV - trochlear nerve
posterior to the optic lobes is the
cerebellum and medulla oblongata
components of hindbrain
cerebellum and medulla oblongata
function of cerebellum
functions in balance
function of medulla oblongata
regulates involuntary visceral functions
cranial nerves emerging from medulla oblongata
CN V - trigeminal
CN VI - abducens
CN VII - facial
CN VIII - auditory
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
depressed ridge immediately
posterior to the optic lobes
cerebellum
posterior to the medulla oblongata
spinal cord
differentiate the two enlargements of the spinal cord
brachial enlargement - aggregates of nerve supplying the forelimbs
lumbar enlargement - aggregates of nerve supplying the hindlimbs
pointed end of the spinal cord is referred to as the
filum terminale
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there in a toad
10
where is filum terminale housed
urostyle
filum terminale + spinal nerves
cauda equina
differentiate meninges of the cns
pia mater - outermost covering of the spinal cord
dura mater - innermost covering of the spinal cord
central canal is lined with what kind of cells
ependymal
function of ependymal cells
secrete the cerebrospinal fluid that fills the central canal
differentiate two areas surrounding the central canal
gray matter - inner darkly stained, butterfly or H-shaped
white matter - outer, lightly stained area
extensions of the inner gray matter
dorsolateral extension - dorsal horn/cornua
ventrolateral extension - ventral horn/cornua
olfactory nerve: origin, branches and extension, nature of work, function
origin - olfactory lobe
branches and extensions - surface wall of the nasal apertures
nature of work - sensory
function - smelling
optic nerve: OBNF
origin - optic lobe
branches and extensions - retina of the eyeball
nature of work - sensory
function - assist in visioin
oculomotor nerve OBNF
origin - ventral side of the midbrain
branches and extensions - four muscles of the eyeball
nature of work - motor
function - control the contraction and expansion of eye muscles
trochlear nerve OBNF
origin - back side of the optic lobe
branches and extensions - oblique muscles of the eyeball
nature of work - motor
function - control the movement of eyeball
trigeminal nerve OBNF
origin - lateral side of the medulla oblongata
branches and extensions -
1. eyelid, nasal aperture and frontal part of head
2. integument of the lower jaw of the mouth and muscles of the buccal cavity
nature of work - mixed
functions -
1. move muscles of the upper side of the hea
2. control the movement of jaw
3. move the tongue
abducens nerve OBNF
origin - lateral side of medulla oblongata
branches and extensions - muscle of eyeball
nature of work - motor nerve
function - control movement of eyeball
facial nerve OBNF
origin: lateral side of medulla oblongata
branches and extension:
1. upper surface of the mouth cavity
2. lower surface of the mouth cavity
nature of work: mixed
function: perceive taste, move muscle of neck, help in chewing
auditory nerve OBNF
origin: lateral side of medulla oblongata
branches and extension: different parts of inner ear
nature of work: sensory
function: hear and keep balance
glossopharyngeal nerve OBNF
origin: lateral side of medulla oblongata
branches and extension: posterior part of tongue, muscles of pharynx
nature of work: mixed
function: perceive taste, touch, move tongue
vagus nerve OBNF
origin: lateral side of medulla oblongata
branches and extension:
1. pharynx and oesophagus
2. lungs
3. stomach
4. heart
nature of work: mixed
function: control the functions of the pharyngeal region, contract lungs, stomach and heart
what nerves form the brachial plexus
1st - 3rd
what forms the lumbo-sacral or sciatic plexus
7th - 9th
main function of sympathetic trun
regulate involuntary functions
what is a plexus
network of communicating nerves
what does brachial plexus innervate
arm, neck, shoulder
what does the 4th, 5th and 6th nerves innervate
dorsal body wall
what does the sciatic plexus innervate
hindleg
cavities of brain
ventricles
network of fine blood vessels anterior to the pineal gland
choroid plexus
