TMI- tumour inflammation

Question 1

2 mechanisms by which tumour promoting inflammation can initiate a tumour?

Answer 1

1. cytokines which cause a tumour by epigenetic mechanisms

2. production of ROS which causes mutations and thus tumour initiation

Question 2

which aspects of cancer can inflammation support

Answer 2

all 
initiation 
growth 
metastasis 
response to therapy

Question 3

cytokines produced from inflammation does what?

Answer 3

helps genes be switched on/ off which shouldn’t be

Question 4

if you get tumour initiation in a non inflammatory environment what will happen to that environment

Answer 4

will turn into an inflammatory environment

Question 5

explain the ‘two hit hypothesis’

Answer 5

single oncogene mutation= no tumour

+ inflammation, the inflammation can substitute for other mutations to develop into a tumour

Question 6

what effect can inflammation have on the tumour matrix?

Answer 6

it can remodel it allowing it to grow larger and allow blood vessels to form

Question 7

effect of inflammation on endothelial cells? what does this aid?

Answer 7

tells endothelial cells to open their junctions anklet things through- metastasis

Question 8

how can immune cells switch the immune response of T-cells off?

Answer 8

by secreting factors which tell the T-cells there’s nothing to worry about

Question 9

how can the tumour hijack immune cells to help with angiogenesis?

Answer 9

immune cells help with angiogenesis normally as they check there’s no infection at the damaged site and then initiate blood vessel formation.
cancer cells hijack this

Question 10

TF: there is a negative feedback loop between immune cells and tumour cells to encourage tumour progression?

Answer 10

false

its positive feedback loop

Question 11

explain the positive feed back loop between immune cells and tumour cells to encourage tumour progression

Answer 11

immune cells produce cytokines which stimulate pre-malignant cells to survive.
this causes the malignant cells to produce chemokine which then feedback to the immune cells and stimulates them to make cytokines (loop!)

Question 12

pro-tumourigenic inflammation supports which aspects of metastasis

Answer 12

degradation of the EMC
intervasion
formation of pre-metastatic niche (where it can live)
attraction to the metastatic site
extraversion (getting our of the blood into the tissue)
growth of metastases

Question 13

what is a premetastatic niche?

Answer 13

area of metastasise can be preparing itself from signals from the immune system to recieve tumour cells.
this produces an accomodating environment for the tumour

Question 14

what is responsible for the pro tumour environment in the pre-metastatic niche?

Answer 14

inflammatory cells.