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Cancer Biology and Therapy > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1 in __ cancers are linked to obesity

A

20

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2
Q

____% of breast cancers are caused by obesity

A

7-15

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3
Q

____% of bowel cancers are in overweight patients

A

11-14

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4
Q

risk of developing bowel cancer is ___% higher in obese men

A

50

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5
Q

TF BMI takes into consideration composition

A

no

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6
Q

healthy BMI?

A

18-25

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7
Q

overweight BMI?

A

25-29.9

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8
Q

obese BMI?

A

30-39

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9
Q

severely obese BMI?

A

> 40

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10
Q

what does visceral fat promote?

A

malignant transformation

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11
Q

how does visceral fat promote malignant transformation?

A

by producing FGF2 which binds to RTKs

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12
Q

> 10kg weight loss= ___% reduction in postmenopausal women getting BC

A

60

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13
Q

3 things obesity does to increase risk of cancer?

A

inflammation at chronic levels
oestrogen production from fat tissue
Insulin like growth factor- RTK substrate

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14
Q

in women who have diabetes and are obese, what cancer is there an increased risk of?

A

endometrial cancer

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15
Q

in women who are obese and have diabetes, what is eventually always seen?

A

hyperinsulinaemia

hyperglycaemia

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16
Q

why do these obese diabetic women have an increased risk of endometrial cancer?

A

high levels of circulating glucose which is a good energy source for rapidly proliferating tumours

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17
Q

what can oestrogen up regulate regarding glucose?

A

a group of proteins involved in glucose transport

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18
Q

___% of the population is obese or overweight

A

58

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19
Q

3 endocrine and paracrine dysregulations of adipose tissue in obesity?

A
  1. insulin- insulin high growth factor (IGF-1)
  2. sex hormone production
  3. adipocyte derived cytokines (adipokines)
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20
Q

what happens if GH secretion is suppressed and insulin secretion increases?

A

enables glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and promotes glycogenesis and adipogenesis
= obesity, ageing

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21
Q

what occurs in increased GH secretion?

A

increased physical fitness

less obesity

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22
Q

in obesity there is ______ levels of IGF. effect of this on physical fitness and leptin?

A

increased

reduces physical fitness and increases leptin

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23
Q

increased levels of leptin can lead to what?

A

leptin resistance

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24
Q

with excess body weight insulin levels ______

A

increase

25
Q

why does insulin levels increase with excess body weight?

A

due to GF

26
Q

direct inhibitory effects of growth hormone on insulin signalling does what? re lipolysis and hepatic glucose output

A

reduce insulin sensitivity and this increases the lipolysis and increases hepatic glucose output

27
Q

in obese people what happens to:
IGFBP1 and IGFBP2?
free IGF-1?

A
  • decrease

- increase

28
Q

why does reduced levels of IGFBP-1 and 2 result in increased levels of IGF1?
this happens when there’s an ______ in body weight

A

as they bind IGF1 so if they decrease then there’s an increase in free IGF-1 levels in the plasma

29
Q

what is the effect of the increase in free IGF1 and what effect does this have on cancer cells?

A

IGF1 is a substrate to RTK igf1 receptor which can lead to tumour development

30
Q

free igf levels _____ with increasing body fat

A

increase

31
Q

obesity ______ levels of insulin in the blood. effects?

A

increases

go on to trigger PI3K and RKT pathways

32
Q

what 2 enzymes does adipose tissue produce which leads to increased oestrogen production

A

aromatase

hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

33
Q

in obesity SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) secretion is _______. effects of this?

A

reduced

increased levels of available testosterone and oestrogen

34
Q

effect of increased E2 and T on GLUT expression

A

increased expression

35
Q

in pre monopausal women, adipose tissue in the periphery produces about ___% of hormones?

A

10

36
Q

what happens in menopause re hormones

A

adipose tissue is the major driver

37
Q

increased hormone production in post menopausal women can do what?

A

target breast and endometrial cells- lead to cell differentiation

38
Q

what causes the decreased production of sex hormone binding globulin from the liver?

A

hyperinsulinemia- increased insulin levels cause the SHBG to reduce

39
Q

effect of reduced SHBG in hyperinsulinemia

A

increase in oestrogen and T which can now diffuse to target cells and bind androgen receptors

40
Q

what receptors do o and t bind to in target cells?

A

androgen

41
Q

which enzyme can we inhibit for breast cancer treatment?

A

aromatase inhibitor to block oestrogen production in post menopausal women

42
Q

3 aromatase inhibitors

A

anastrozole
exemestane
letrozole

43
Q

why are the aromatase inhibitors not used in pre menopausal breast cancer?

A

as aromatase isn’t the key producer of sex hormones in these women

44
Q

what are adipokines

A

adipocyte derived cytokines

45
Q

Adipose tissue dysfunction leading to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and chronic inflammation is caused by combination of what 3 things?
________ adipokine production
________inflammatory cytokine production
_______ adiponectin production

A

increased adipokine production
increased inflammatory cytokine production
decreased adiponectin production

46
Q

what does decreased adiponectin do?

A

causes insulin resistance

47
Q

what happens to the size of adipocytes in obesity? what do they produce?

A

enlarge
chemotactic factors e.g. MCP-1 which attracts monocytes and macrophages to adipose tissue which then cause inflammation and insulin resistance

48
Q

example of a chemotaxis factor which adipocytes release in obesity- what does it do?

A

MCP-1

which attracts monocytes and macrophages to adipose tissue which then cause inflammation and insulin resistance

49
Q

dur to with increased adipokines and inflam cytokines and the decrease in adiponectin, what happens to fatty acids? what does this lead to?

A

adipose tissue loses its ability to store fatty acids

insulin resistance and chronic inflammation

50
Q

what is leptin? what does it regulate?

EFFECT ON APPETITE?

A

an adipocyte specific hormone
regulates food intake and body weight in the cns
DECREASES appetite

51
Q

adiponectin _____ glucose uptake and ______ insulin sensitivity.
what happens to it in tumours?

A

increases
enhances

it decreases in tumours

52
Q

effect of adiponectin on fatty acids?

A

increases fatty acid oxidation.

fatty acids are needed for tumour metabolism

53
Q

3 pathways in obesity associated cancers?

A

PI3K
MAPK
STAT3

54
Q

TF a cancer associated adipocyte goes through alot of alteration?

A

true

55
Q

3 ways cancer associated adipocytes undergo alteration?

A

delipidation= fibroblast type phenotype
loss of terminal diffrenciation marker expression e.g. adiponectin and FA binding proteins (due to pro inflammatory cytokines e.g. IL6
LIPOLYSIS CAUSES THEM TO RELEASE FATTY ACIDS

56
Q

dilapidation of adipocytes makes them acquire what type of phenotype?

A

a fibroblast like

57
Q

what differentiation markers have decreased expression when an adipocyte is being transformed in cancer? what is this caused by?

A

adiponectin
FA binding protein

caused by pro inflammatory cytokines e.g. IL6

58
Q

Theres an _____ in fatty acids in cancer?

A

increase

59
Q

3 main mechanisms of adipocytes enhancing cancer development? v brief pls

A

IGF insulin angle
sex hormone angle
cross talk between cytokines and tumour cells

Cancer Biology and Therapy (23 decks)

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