Tissues & Systems || Flashcards
What is the main function of the endocrine system?
- To secrete hormones which are transported via interstitial fluid and blood throughout the body
How does the endocrine system work?
- Hormones enter blood stream, then exert effects on specific cells (Target cells)
What three classes are hormones characterised into?
- peptides and proteins (hormones synthesised from amino acids
- steroids (from cholesterol ?)
- amines (from tyrosine ?)
State the function of the multifunctional gland
• secretes a large number of hormones
~ anatomically divided into anterior and posterior
What are the six major hormones secreted by the anterior lobe?
• TSH •FSH •LH •ACTH •GH(growth hormone) •prolactin
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is secreted by thyrotrophs. What is the function?
• To stimulate synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone
What does FSH do for females and males?
Female - stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and ovulation
Male - stimulates sperm production
State the function of LH in females
- Stimulates development of corpus luteum, release of oocyte, production of oestrogen and progesterone
State the function of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
- Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones
State the function of GH
- Stimulates growth of bone and muscle, promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism, decreases carbohydrate metabolism
What two hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
(decrease H2O loss by kidneys) - oxytocin
(promotes contraction of smooth muscle in uterus)
Describe the thyroid gland
- Thyroid hormones are synthesised and secreted by epithelial cells of the thyroid gland
What are the two active thyroid hormones?
T3 and T4
What does the endocrine pancreas secrete?
- Two major peptide hormones
• Insulin and glucagon
The endocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called…….
• The islets of langerhans
contain 3 primary cell types
What do beta cells, alpha cells and delta cells secrete from the pancreas?
- Beta: insulin
- Alpha: glucagon
- Delta: somatostatin
What is the role of the cardiovascular system?
• transports and regulates blood
What are the two types of circulation or the cardiovascular system?
- Systematic
- Pulmonary
~ arteries away from the heart & veins towards the heart
Where is the heart located?
• In the mediastinum, enclosed in the pericardium
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
- Left atrium
- Right atrium
- Left ventricle
- Right ventricle
What is the primary and secondary structure of the lymphatic system?
- Primary: involved in formation of lymphocytes
- Secondary: house lymphocytes and immune cells after formation
What is the role of the respiratory system?
• responsible for atmosphere/lung gas exchange
What integration does the respiratory system require?
• Musculoskeletal, nervous and cardiovascular system
What are the two respiratory tracts?
- upper and lower
The respiratory system supplies the body with oxygen and removes …….
• Carbon dioxide
Which cells remove foreign particles?
- Goblet cells and cilia of the trachea
What does the upper respiratory tract consist off ?
- the nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
What does the lower respiratory tract consist off ?
- Laraynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
What does the conducting zone in the respiratory system do ?
• Brings air into and out of the site of gas exchange
What does the respiratory zone do?
• Lined with alveoli, where has exchange occurs
The branching of the bronchial tubes in the lungs create a greater……
• Surface area for gas exchange
Why do inhaled foreign bodies tend to go down the right bronchus ?
• The position of the heart means the left bronchus branches off at an angle
What are the lungs protected by?
• A rib cage
How many lobes do the left and right lung have?
- Right (3): Superior, middle, inferior
- Left (2): Superior and inferior
Lobes are divided into lobules which are separated from one another by —————— tissue
• Connective
What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?
- Inspiration
* Expiration
When does ‘inspiration’ occur?
When there is contraction of inspiratory muscles that increase intrathoratic volume
When does expiration occur?
When the diaphragm relaxes
