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SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY > Tissues & Systems || > Flashcards

Tissues & Systems || Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

A
  • To secrete hormones which are transported via interstitial fluid and blood throughout the body
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2
Q

How does the endocrine system work?

A
  • Hormones enter blood stream, then exert effects on specific cells (Target cells)
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3
Q

What three classes are hormones characterised into?

A
  • peptides and proteins (hormones synthesised from amino acids
  • steroids (from cholesterol ?)
  • amines (from tyrosine ?)
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4
Q

State the function of the multifunctional gland

A

• secretes a large number of hormones

~ anatomically divided into anterior and posterior

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5
Q

What are the six major hormones secreted by the anterior lobe?

A

• TSH •FSH •LH •ACTH •GH(growth hormone) •prolactin

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6
Q

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is secreted by thyrotrophs. What is the function?

A

• To stimulate synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone

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7
Q

What does FSH do for females and males?

A

Female - stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and ovulation
Male - stimulates sperm production

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8
Q

State the function of LH in females

A
  • Stimulates development of corpus luteum, release of oocyte, production of oestrogen and progesterone
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9
Q

State the function of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A
  • Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones
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10
Q

State the function of GH

A
  • Stimulates growth of bone and muscle, promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism, decreases carbohydrate metabolism
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11
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    (decrease H2O loss by kidneys)
  • oxytocin
    (promotes contraction of smooth muscle in uterus)
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12
Q

Describe the thyroid gland

A
  • Thyroid hormones are synthesised and secreted by epithelial cells of the thyroid gland
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13
Q

What are the two active thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4

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14
Q

What does the endocrine pancreas secrete?

A
  • Two major peptide hormones

• Insulin and glucagon

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15
Q

The endocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called…….

A

• The islets of langerhans

contain 3 primary cell types

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16
Q

What do beta cells, alpha cells and delta cells secrete from the pancreas?

A
  • Beta: insulin
  • Alpha: glucagon
  • Delta: somatostatin
17
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

A

• transports and regulates blood

18
Q

What are the two types of circulation or the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Systematic
  • Pulmonary
    ~ arteries away from the heart & veins towards the heart
19
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

• In the mediastinum, enclosed in the pericardium

20
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • Left atrium
  • Right atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
21
Q

What is the primary and secondary structure of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Primary: involved in formation of lymphocytes

- Secondary: house lymphocytes and immune cells after formation

22
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

• responsible for atmosphere/lung gas exchange

23
Q

What integration does the respiratory system require?

A

• Musculoskeletal, nervous and cardiovascular system

24
Q

What are the two respiratory tracts?

A
  • upper and lower
25
Q

The respiratory system supplies the body with oxygen and removes …….

A

• Carbon dioxide

26
Q

Which cells remove foreign particles?

A
  • Goblet cells and cilia of the trachea
27
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist off ?

A
  • the nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
28
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist off ?

A
  • Laraynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
29
Q

What does the conducting zone in the respiratory system do ?

A

• Brings air into and out of the site of gas exchange

30
Q

What does the respiratory zone do?

A

• Lined with alveoli, where has exchange occurs

31
Q

The branching of the bronchial tubes in the lungs create a greater……

A

• Surface area for gas exchange

32
Q

Why do inhaled foreign bodies tend to go down the right bronchus ?

A

• The position of the heart means the left bronchus branches off at an angle

33
Q

What are the lungs protected by?

A

• A rib cage

34
Q

How many lobes do the left and right lung have?

A
  • Right (3): Superior, middle, inferior

- Left (2): Superior and inferior

35
Q

Lobes are divided into lobules which are separated from one another by —————— tissue

A

• Connective

36
Q

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Inspiration

* Expiration

37
Q

When does ‘inspiration’ occur?

A

When there is contraction of inspiratory muscles that increase intrathoratic volume

38
Q

When does expiration occur?

A

When the diaphragm relaxes

SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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