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SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

How many connections does the average neurons make?

A

•1,000 connections

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2
Q

Name Neuronal cell properties

A
  • Excitability
  • Conductivity
  • Secretion
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3
Q

What are the features of a resting neurone? - Mention membrane

A
  • The membrane itself is relatively impermeable to ions

- Inside of membrane has a negative charge with respect to the outside

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4
Q

The equilibrium potential of an ion is the point at which there would be….

A

• no net movement of the ion across the membrane

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5
Q

The membrane at rest has a potential of….

A

70mV

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6
Q

For the membrane at rest, what are the sodium potassium channels doing?

A
  • They are closed
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7
Q

At the local potential the membrane potential…..

A

• Rises

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8
Q

What happens if the local potential doesn’t reach the threshold?

A
  • Will diminish without causing an action potential

If they do reach the threshold an action potential will occur

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9
Q

Once the membrane has reached the depolarisation stage it reaches the T_____ potential and rises R_____

A

• Threshold
• Rapidly
(Potassium channels remain closed)

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10
Q

At the state of repolarisation has peaked and falls back towards…..

A

• resting potential
(voltage gated sodium channels inactivated - not closed)
~ Voltage gated potassium channels open

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11
Q

The absolute refractory period is impossible to…..

A
  • Fire another action potential

Potassium channels closing, but sodium channels inactivated

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12
Q

True or False

- The relative refractory period is possible to fire another action potential, but a larger stimulus is required

A

True
• Potassium channels closing, sodium channels de-inactivated
• Sodium/Potassium pump restores ion balance

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13
Q

Which zone is the action potential generated in?

A
  • The trigger zone
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14
Q

Along axons what do the propagate carry?

A
  • Carry sensory or motor information to the appropriate location
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15
Q

Myeloma room is where the…..

A
  • Neurone is insulated which allows more rapid conduction of the action potential (Different types of neurones may be myelinated or unmyelinated)
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16
Q

What is the progress of the action potential along an unmyelinated axons called?

A
  • Continuous propagation
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17
Q

What is the progress of action potentials along myelinated axons called?

A
  • Saltatory propagation

Areas without myelin are called Nodes or Ranvier

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18
Q

Schwann cells myelinate……

A
  • Peripheral axons
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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes myelinate…..

A
  • CNS axons
20
Q

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A
  • Autoimmune disorder when myelination of central nerves is targeted
21
Q

What is guillain-Barré syndrome?

A
  • Autoimmune disorder when myelination of peripheral nerves is targeted
22
Q

Where do neurones communicate with one another?

A

• At synapses

~ Synaptic transmission can be electrical or chemical

23
Q

REVISE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

A

REVISE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

24
Q

State key neurotransmitters

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
25
Q

Name the main processes in the regulation of different transmitter systems

A

1) synthesis
2) storage
3) release
4) receptor binding
5) inactivation/reuptake

26
Q

An excitatory neutron may activate an _______ neurone, which may in turn inhibit the ______ excitatory neutron

A
  • Inhibitory

- Excitatory

27
Q

What is an agonist?

A

• Chemical that binds to receptor which activates the receptor to produce a molecular/ cellular response

28
Q

Compare a Full; Partial & Inverse agonist

A
  • Full: produces complete molecular response
  • Partial: interacts with receptor in an inefficient manner producing less than maximal molecular response
  • Inverse: binds to spontaneously activated receptor leading to deactivation of the receptor
29
Q

What is an antagonist?

A
  • A chemical that interacts with a receptor to inhibit the action of an agonist
30
Q

Give an example of a drug that alters receptor activity

A
  • Nicotine
31
Q

Cocaine blocks ……

A
  • Dopamine transporters
32
Q

Temporal Vs spatial summation

A

Temporal: Single synapse
Spatial: Many synapses

33
Q

GLIA

A

GLIA

34
Q

What does the CNS and PNS consist off?

A
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord

* PNS: everything outside the brain and spinal cord

35
Q

What does the PNS include? (What type of nerves)

A
  • Sensory

- Motor

36
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

• Voluntary movement

37
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A
  • Responsible for regulating involuntary mechanisms (e.g heart rate)
38
Q

What are the two branches or the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system

* Parasympathetic nervous system

39
Q

What system specifically regulates the gastrointestinal tract?

A

• Enteric nervous system

40
Q

The sympathetic system has increased metabolic rate, heart rate compared to the parasympathetic nervous system which…..

A
  • Has a decreased metabolic rate, heart rate
41
Q

In the brain the cerebrum is responsible for…..

A
  • Higher brain functions
42
Q

In the brain the diencephalon is responsible for…..

A
  • Lower brain functions
43
Q

The spinal cord is responsible for….

A
  • Reflex actions
44
Q

How many lobes is the brain split into and what are these?

A 
4 lobes 
• frontal lobe 
• temporal lobe
• parietal lobe 
• occipital lobe
45
Q

In the brain what is white matter?

A

•Axons

SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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