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SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY > Tissues & Systems | > Flashcards

Tissues & Systems | Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an organ?

A

• Two or more tissues which together form a specialised function

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2
Q

State characteristics of tissue

A
  • group of cells specialised for a particular function

- cells are often separated by a matrix

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3
Q

State the 4 main types of tissue

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
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4
Q

What are connective tissues?

A

Deep tissues that are never exposed to the environment outside the body. Support and bind other tissues (cartilage).

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5
Q

What are the fibres or connective tissue?

A
  • Collagen
  • reticular
  • elastic
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6
Q

What is the classification of connective tissue proper?

A
  • Loose
  • Dense regular
  • Dense irregular
  • Elastic
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7
Q

What are the three major types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibro
  • Elastic
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8
Q

State the function and location of hyaline cartilage

A

• Can be found between the tips of ribs and bones of sternum. Has the function of providing stiff but somewhat flexible support. Reduces friction between bony surfaces

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9
Q

State the function and location of elastic cartilage

A

Located in the auricle of the external ear and provides support but can tolerate distortion without damage and returns to original shape

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10
Q

State the function and location of fibrocartilage

A

Located in the para within the knee joints and prevents bone to bone contact, limits relative movement

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11
Q

State bone classification

A
  • Complex and dynamic living tissue.
  • Continuously going through a process called bone remodelling
  • Contributes to homeostasis of the body
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12
Q

Where can spongy and compact bone be found?

A

Spongy - inner bone

compact - outer layer of bone

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the bone

A

Top: Epiphysis and metaphysis
Middle: Diaphysis (shaft)
Bottom: Metaphysis and epiphysis

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14
Q

What is periosteum?

A

a tough connective tissue sheath. a blood supply supplies the bone surface.

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15
Q

What is the vasculature of bone?

A
  • Nutrient arteries pass through nutrient foramen, and the blood reaches the osteocytes in the compact bone by Haversian systems.
    •End of bone supplied by metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
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16
Q

What are epithelial?

A

Tissues that serve as protective layers or secretory components of body organs and systems

17
Q

Describe the structure of epithelial cells

A

• Closely packed in single continuous sheets or in multiple layers, junctions between cells ensure attachment to neighbouring cells.
~ apical surface
~ basal surface

18
Q

Epithelial tissues are avas_____

A

• Avascular

19
Q

State the main functions of epithelial tissues

A 
• protection 
• lining 
• secretion 
• filtration 
• absorption 
etc etc etc
20
Q

What are the types of epithelium?

A 
~ Simple squamous 
~ Simple cuboidal 
~ Simple columnar 
~ Stratified squamous 
~ Stratified cuboidal 
~ Pseudo-stratified columnar
~ Transitional
21
Q 
Where can 
a) • Single epithelium 
b) • Stratified epithelium 
c) • Pseudo-stratified epithelium 
be found ?
A

a) Alveoli of lungs
b) Skin
c) Trachea

22
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary (“a covering”) system?

A
  • External body covering
  • Temperature regulation
  • Protection
  • Sensation
23
Q

What are the two distinct layers of the integumentary system?
~ Further question: what is the subcutaneous layer called?

A
  • Epidermis and dermis

Bonus: - Hypodermis

24
Q

What is the most abundant cell in the epidermis?

A
  • Keratinocytes
25
Q

What are melanocytes?

A
  • produce melanin. Melanin is synthesised from the amino acid tyrosine
26
Q

What are the two sublayers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary and reticular
27
Q

Describe the different severities of a “Burn”

A
  • First degree (superficial)
  • Second degree (partial thickness)
  • Third degree (full thickness)
28
Q

What features does contractile tissue have (muscle tissue)?

A
  • conductivity
  • contractility
  • elasticity
29
Q

Name the two main protein filaments

A
  • Actin

* Myosin

30
Q

Myoblasts align and fuse to form ?

A

• Myotibes which synthesise the proteins to make myofilaments

31
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
32
Q

What are the two attachments of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Origin (attachment that moves the least) and insertion (attachment that moves the most)
33
Q

Endomysium is found around a single muscle fibre. Where is perimysium and epimysium found?

A

Perimysium: around a fascicle (bundle of fibres)
Epimysium: covers entire skeletal muscle and blends into a connective tissue attachment

34
Q

What type of discs connect cardiac muscle?

A
  • Intercalated discs (contain desmosomes and gap junctions)
35
Q

Describe features of cardiac muscle

A
  • never fatigues
  • found in heart (cardiocytes)
  • limited ability to divide so repair following injury is limited
36
Q

Describe features of smooth muscle

A
  • no sarcomeres

- actin and myosin filaments scattered through cell

37
Q

What are the nervous system central divisions?

A
  • Central (brain and spinal cord)

- Peripheral nervous system

SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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