Tissues & Systems | Flashcards
What is an organ?
• Two or more tissues which together form a specialised function
State characteristics of tissue
- group of cells specialised for a particular function
- cells are often separated by a matrix
State the 4 main types of tissue
- Connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
What are connective tissues?
Deep tissues that are never exposed to the environment outside the body. Support and bind other tissues (cartilage).
What are the fibres or connective tissue?
- Collagen
- reticular
- elastic
What is the classification of connective tissue proper?
- Loose
- Dense regular
- Dense irregular
- Elastic
What are the three major types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Fibro
- Elastic
State the function and location of hyaline cartilage
• Can be found between the tips of ribs and bones of sternum. Has the function of providing stiff but somewhat flexible support. Reduces friction between bony surfaces
State the function and location of elastic cartilage
Located in the auricle of the external ear and provides support but can tolerate distortion without damage and returns to original shape
State the function and location of fibrocartilage
Located in the para within the knee joints and prevents bone to bone contact, limits relative movement
State bone classification
- Complex and dynamic living tissue.
- Continuously going through a process called bone remodelling
- Contributes to homeostasis of the body
Where can spongy and compact bone be found?
Spongy - inner bone
compact - outer layer of bone
Describe the structure of the bone
Top: Epiphysis and metaphysis
Middle: Diaphysis (shaft)
Bottom: Metaphysis and epiphysis
What is periosteum?
a tough connective tissue sheath. a blood supply supplies the bone surface.
What is the vasculature of bone?
- Nutrient arteries pass through nutrient foramen, and the blood reaches the osteocytes in the compact bone by Haversian systems.
•End of bone supplied by metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
What are epithelial?
Tissues that serve as protective layers or secretory components of body organs and systems
Describe the structure of epithelial cells
• Closely packed in single continuous sheets or in multiple layers, junctions between cells ensure attachment to neighbouring cells.
~ apical surface
~ basal surface
Epithelial tissues are avas_____
• Avascular
State the main functions of epithelial tissues
• protection • lining • secretion • filtration • absorption etc etc etc
What are the types of epithelium?
~ Simple squamous ~ Simple cuboidal ~ Simple columnar ~ Stratified squamous ~ Stratified cuboidal ~ Pseudo-stratified columnar ~ Transitional
Where can a) • Single epithelium b) • Stratified epithelium c) • Pseudo-stratified epithelium be found ?
a) Alveoli of lungs
b) Skin
c) Trachea
What are the functions of the integumentary (“a covering”) system?
- External body covering
- Temperature regulation
- Protection
- Sensation
What are the two distinct layers of the integumentary system?
~ Further question: what is the subcutaneous layer called?
- Epidermis and dermis
Bonus: - Hypodermis
What is the most abundant cell in the epidermis?
- Keratinocytes
What are melanocytes?
- produce melanin. Melanin is synthesised from the amino acid tyrosine
What are the two sublayers of the dermis?
- Papillary and reticular
Describe the different severities of a “Burn”
- First degree (superficial)
- Second degree (partial thickness)
- Third degree (full thickness)
What features does contractile tissue have (muscle tissue)?
- conductivity
- contractility
- elasticity
Name the two main protein filaments
- Actin
* Myosin
Myoblasts align and fuse to form ?
• Myotibes which synthesise the proteins to make myofilaments
What are the three types of muscle?
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
What are the two attachments of skeletal muscle?
- Origin (attachment that moves the least) and insertion (attachment that moves the most)
Endomysium is found around a single muscle fibre. Where is perimysium and epimysium found?
Perimysium: around a fascicle (bundle of fibres)
Epimysium: covers entire skeletal muscle and blends into a connective tissue attachment
What type of discs connect cardiac muscle?
- Intercalated discs (contain desmosomes and gap junctions)
Describe features of cardiac muscle
- never fatigues
- found in heart (cardiocytes)
- limited ability to divide so repair following injury is limited
Describe features of smooth muscle
- no sarcomeres
- actin and myosin filaments scattered through cell
What are the nervous system central divisions?
- Central (brain and spinal cord)
- Peripheral nervous system
