Blood & The respiratory system Flashcards
Circulation can be separated into three separate parallel circuits:
1) P______
2) C_____
3) S______
- Pulmonary
- Coronary
- Systematic
Blood is pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. What type of blood is this?
- De-oxygenated
Blood returns to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein. What type of blood is this?
- Re-oxygenated
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac output = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)
What is the normal resting cardiac index?
• 3.2Lmin-1. m-2
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
- To exchange O2 and CO2 between the environment and the body
The respiratory tract is regarded as consisting of two regions. What are these regions?
- Upper respiratory tract
* Lower respiratory tract
What zones is the respiratory system subdivided into?
- Conducting zone
- Respiratory zone
What is the role of goblet cells and cilia cells of the trachea?
- Remove more foreign particles
Breathing consists of two phases, I_______ and E____
- Inspiration
* Expiration
State the function of the respiratory system
- Allows you to breath
STATE PROCESS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
STATE PROCESS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
State the structural and functional organisation
Structural: Upper and lower respiratory tract
Functional: Conducting and respiratory
Each lung is contained within a separate P____ C____
- Pleural cavity
What are the two functions of pleural fluid?
- To lubricate the movement during breathing of the pleural membranes past one another
- Holds the pleural membranes together which will insure they can slide easily over each other
For the pleura; what does the parietal and visceral line?
Parietal: Lines the chest cavity and contains the lungs
Visceral: Lines the lung surface
What is the structure and function of alveolus?
- Air-filled pockets where gas exchange takes place
How is a greater surface area created for gas exchange?
- Branching of the bronchial tubes in the lungs
What are the two cyclic phases of breathing?
- Inspiration/Inhalation
- Exhalation/Expiration
Why is voluntary control (for breathing) sometimes called cortical control?
• Input comes from the cerebral cortex
Give an example or voluntary control for breathing
- Holding breath for a short period of time
What does boyle’s law state?
- If the volume increases (inspiration) then the pressure must decrease
The trachea, bronchial tree and lungs are innervated by the A____ nervous system
• Autonomic nervous system
What’s is the respiratory control centre located?
- In the brainstem
What has the most important role in the control of respiration (inspiration)?
• The DRG (dorsal respiratory group)
What controls exhalation?
• The VRG (ventral respiratory group)
Tidal breathing is the inhalation and exhalation during ____ breathing
• Normal (at rest) breathing
Define Tidal volume
- Volume of air moved into (inhalation) or out (exhalation) during a single normal respiratory tract
What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?
- The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal respiratory cycle (end of exhalation)
Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
- Amount of air that can be voluntarily expelled after a normal respiratory cycle (end of exhalation)
Define inspiratory capacity
- Amount of air that can be voluntarily inhaled after a normal respiratory cycle (the end of exhalation)
Define vital capacity
- The sum of ERV and inspiratory capacity - the maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of lungs during a respiratory cycle
Define residual volume
- The volume of air that remains after a maximal exhalation
What apparatus can be used to measure some ventilation volumes?
- Spirometer
What is the typical respiratory rate?
• 12-18 breaths per minute
Define alveolar ventilation
The amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute
How can the alveolar ventilation be increased by?
1) increasing the tidal volume (breathing more deeply)
2) increasing the respiratory rate (breathing more rapidly)
Blood vessels can be classified into:
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
What is the structure of an artery?
• A large diameter, rapid-transport blood vessel with a thick muscular wall which carries blood away from the heart
Blood flows from a H___ to a L____ pressure area
• High to lower
What happens during systole?
- How is systolic pressure affected?
• Blood enters the large arteries and stretches their elastic walls
- Systolic pressure is at the highest value as pressure goes up
What happens during diastole?
- How is the diastolic pressure affected?
During diastole no more blood enters the large arteries but their elastic walls recoil and the blood continues to flow into smaller arteries
- Diastolic pressure is at its lowest value as pressure falls
What are the 4 descriptive measures of arterial blood pressure?
- Systolic pressure
- Diastolic pressure
- Pulse pressure
- Mean arterial pressure
What facts can affect blood pressure?
- Obesity
- Alcohol intake
- Physiological stress
- Physical pressure
Give an example of where clinically palpable pulses can be found
- Carotid
- Radial
- Femoral
- Branchial
etc etc etc
Most of the blood is made up off P___
•Plasma
Red blood cells are a biconcave disk. What does this shape give?
- A larger volume:Surface area
* Can bend and flex
What do red blood cells lose when they differentiate?
- Lose majority of their organelles including their nuclei
During gas exchange pulmonary capillaries and alveoli form a B____- G___ I______
• Blood gas interference
The alveolar-capillary membrane is thin which means ……………. is small
• the diffusion distance for gases
