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SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY > Blood & The respiratory system > Flashcards

Blood & The respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Circulation can be separated into three separate parallel circuits:

1) P______
2) C_____
3) S______

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Coronary
  • Systematic
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2
Q

Blood is pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. What type of blood is this?

A
  • De-oxygenated
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3
Q

Blood returns to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein. What type of blood is this?

A
  • Re-oxygenated
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4
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)

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5
Q

What is the normal resting cardiac index?

A

• 3.2Lmin-1. m-2

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A
  • To exchange O2 and CO2 between the environment and the body
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7
Q

The respiratory tract is regarded as consisting of two regions. What are these regions?

A
  • Upper respiratory tract

* Lower respiratory tract

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8
Q

What zones is the respiratory system subdivided into?

A
  • Conducting zone

- Respiratory zone

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9
Q

What is the role of goblet cells and cilia cells of the trachea?

A
  • Remove more foreign particles
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10
Q

Breathing consists of two phases, I_______ and E____

A
  • Inspiration

* Expiration

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11
Q

State the function of the respiratory system

A
  • Allows you to breath
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12
Q

STATE PROCESS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

STATE PROCESS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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13
Q

State the structural and functional organisation

A

Structural: Upper and lower respiratory tract
Functional: Conducting and respiratory

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14
Q

Each lung is contained within a separate P____ C____

A
  • Pleural cavity
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15
Q

What are the two functions of pleural fluid?

A
  • To lubricate the movement during breathing of the pleural membranes past one another
  • Holds the pleural membranes together which will insure they can slide easily over each other
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16
Q

For the pleura; what does the parietal and visceral line?

A

Parietal: Lines the chest cavity and contains the lungs
Visceral: Lines the lung surface

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17
Q

What is the structure and function of alveolus?

A
  • Air-filled pockets where gas exchange takes place
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18
Q

How is a greater surface area created for gas exchange?

A
  • Branching of the bronchial tubes in the lungs
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19
Q

What are the two cyclic phases of breathing?

A
  • Inspiration/Inhalation

- Exhalation/Expiration

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20
Q

Why is voluntary control (for breathing) sometimes called cortical control?

A

• Input comes from the cerebral cortex

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21
Q

Give an example or voluntary control for breathing

A
  • Holding breath for a short period of time
22
Q

What does boyle’s law state?

A
  • If the volume increases (inspiration) then the pressure must decrease
23
Q

The trachea, bronchial tree and lungs are innervated by the A____ nervous system

A

• Autonomic nervous system

24
Q

What’s is the respiratory control centre located?

A
  • In the brainstem
25
Q

What has the most important role in the control of respiration (inspiration)?

A

• The DRG (dorsal respiratory group)

26
Q

What controls exhalation?

A

• The VRG (ventral respiratory group)

27
Q

Tidal breathing is the inhalation and exhalation during ____ breathing

A

• Normal (at rest) breathing

28
Q

Define Tidal volume

A
  • Volume of air moved into (inhalation) or out (exhalation) during a single normal respiratory tract
29
Q

What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A
  • The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal respiratory cycle (end of exhalation)
30
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A
  • Amount of air that can be voluntarily expelled after a normal respiratory cycle (end of exhalation)
31
Q

Define inspiratory capacity

A
  • Amount of air that can be voluntarily inhaled after a normal respiratory cycle (the end of exhalation)
32
Q

Define vital capacity

A
  • The sum of ERV and inspiratory capacity - the maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of lungs during a respiratory cycle
33
Q

Define residual volume

A
  • The volume of air that remains after a maximal exhalation
34
Q

What apparatus can be used to measure some ventilation volumes?

A
  • Spirometer
35
Q

What is the typical respiratory rate?

A

• 12-18 breaths per minute

36
Q

Define alveolar ventilation

A

The amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

37
Q

How can the alveolar ventilation be increased by?

A

1) increasing the tidal volume (breathing more deeply)

2) increasing the respiratory rate (breathing more rapidly)

38
Q

Blood vessels can be classified into:

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
39
Q

What is the structure of an artery?

A

• A large diameter, rapid-transport blood vessel with a thick muscular wall which carries blood away from the heart

40
Q

Blood flows from a H___ to a L____ pressure area

A

• High to lower

41
Q

What happens during systole?

- How is systolic pressure affected?

A

• Blood enters the large arteries and stretches their elastic walls
- Systolic pressure is at the highest value as pressure goes up

42
Q

What happens during diastole?

- How is the diastolic pressure affected?

A

During diastole no more blood enters the large arteries but their elastic walls recoil and the blood continues to flow into smaller arteries
- Diastolic pressure is at its lowest value as pressure falls

43
Q

What are the 4 descriptive measures of arterial blood pressure?

A
  • Systolic pressure
  • Diastolic pressure
  • Pulse pressure
  • Mean arterial pressure
44
Q

What facts can affect blood pressure?

A
  • Obesity
  • Alcohol intake
  • Physiological stress
  • Physical pressure
45
Q

Give an example of where clinically palpable pulses can be found

A
  • Carotid
  • Radial
  • Femoral
  • Branchial
    etc etc etc
46
Q

Most of the blood is made up off P___

A

•Plasma

47
Q

Red blood cells are a biconcave disk. What does this shape give?

A
  • A larger volume:Surface area

* Can bend and flex

48
Q

What do red blood cells lose when they differentiate?

A
  • Lose majority of their organelles including their nuclei
49
Q

During gas exchange pulmonary capillaries and alveoli form a B____- G___ I______

A

• Blood gas interference

50
Q

The alveolar-capillary membrane is thin which means ……………. is small

A

• the diffusion distance for gases

SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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