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Pathology I > Tissues: Structure & Function > Flashcards

Tissues: Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Formed by many cells that act together to perform a comprehensive function.
Have varied structure and functions

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2
Q

Organs

A

Two or more tissue types that combine

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3
Q

Four tissue types

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Nervous
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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4
Q

Epithelial tissues

A 
Act as selective barrier
Absorption function
Covering function
Secretes mucus
Avascular (relies on CT vascularly)
> Named for size and shape
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5
Q

Muscle tissues

A

Specialized to contract

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6
Q

Connective tissues

A

> Mostly referring to fibrous types
Underlies and anchors the epithelial tissues
Found in the skin (dermis)
Surrounds and supports internal epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissues
All fibrous CT contain collagen in extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Function of connective tissues

A 
SUPPORT
Underly and anchor tissue
Connect
Protect (physical barrier, sometimes to prevent infection spreading)
Structural connections
Provide nutrients
Immune function
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8
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Components include:
Cells, fibers, & ground substance
Composed mainly of extracellular matrix (fibers & g.s.)
Highly vascular (except cartilage)

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9
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

Has more collagen type I than anything else
All have collagen in the extracellular matrix
Contains fibers in it’s extracellular matrix
Two basic types: dense & loose

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10
Q

Specialized connective tissues (types)

A 
Elastic tissue
Hematopoietic tissues (lymphatic, myeloid)
Mucous tissue
Blood
Cartilage
Bone
Articular cartilage
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11
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Complex structure that includes fibrous proteins, proteoglycans (g.s.) and glycoproteins.
Contains fibroblasts that bind to elements of the g.s. and glycoproteins
“All of the stuff that CT make” - depends on each type functionality

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12
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Produces collagen and other fibers

Binds to elements of the g.s. and glycoproteins, such as laminin and fibronectin

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13
Q

Glycoproteins

A

A sugar protein compound
Function: structure & binding cells to framework
(usually end in suffix -nectin)

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14
Q

Ground substance

A

Helps make up extracellular matrix
Mix of proteoglycans that are formed by a large protein molecule that bonds to a glycosaminoglycan (GAG).
Proteoglycans can swell with water (they’re hydrophilic) and attract ions.
Structure is viscous (very important) and acts as a chemical and physical barrier

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15
Q

GAG’s

A

Glycosaminoglycan’s
Highly negatively charged, provide the incentive for a proteoglycan to attract water.
Hydrophilic and swell
ex: Hyaluronic acid, is a specific GAG.

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16
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

A specific type of GAG.
Found in hyaline cartilage
When bound to a protein to form a proteoglycan, is particularly hydrophilic and gives hyaline cartilage g.s. it’s great ability to withstand compression without inhibiting flexibility.

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17
Q

Fibers/Fiber proteins

A

Help make up extracellular matrix
Long, slender protein polymers
3 main types: collagen, reticular, elastic

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18
Q

Collagen

A

Varies in mechanical properties
Great at resisting tension!
5 Types

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19
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Especially thin and often form a net-like mesh network
Produced by fibroblasts
Found in/around structures subject to shape change (abdominal organs)
Provide supporting framework for tissue or organ
Consist of Collagen Type III fibrils
Support lymphatic organs

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20
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Made of elastin
Found in varying amounts in different CT
Can stretch up to 150% their resting length
Respond to stretch and distention without losing shape
Organized in sheets
Produced by fibroblasts
Consist of central core of protein elastin (dense concentrations are in walls of large arteries) and glycoprotein fibrillin
Found: Very dense in artery walls, ligaments of spinal column, and laryngeal cartilages.

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21
Q

Types of Collagen

A

5 Types of Collagen:

Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type V

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22
Q

Type I Collagen

A

Most abundant type
Forms fibers
Found in CT proper, bone, dentin, tendons, and organ capsules
Responsible for preventing fractures bone

23
Q

Type II Collagen

A

Exists as thin fibrils
Resists tension, but fibril diameter is small!
Found in hyaline and elastic cartilage

24
Q

Type III Collagen

A

Mainly found in reticular fibers

Good in organizing deformation (like a sponge, forms an interlocking maze but will return to form)

25
Q

Cellular components of CT

A 
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast Cells
Plasma Cells
Leukocytes
Adipose cells
26
Q

Fibroblast

A

Most common type of cell in CT
Makes collagen plus both elastic & reticular fibers
Make carbohydrates found in g.s. AND secreting most other components into extracellular matrix
Found: in ligaments, dermis,

27
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells derived from monocytes

They can act defensive (phagocytosis of bacteria) or normal (phagocytosis of cell debris)

28
Q

Mast cells

A

Cells are filled with granules
Stored in mediators of inflammatory response
Release of their granules results in hypersensitivity, allergy, and anaphylaxis
Primary substances found in mast cells:
Histamine & Heparin

29
Q

Plasma cells

A

Found in loose connective tissue where antigens tend to enter the body (primary GI & respiratory tracts)
Produces only type of protein (one specific antibody)

30
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells;
Consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes.
Type depends on location in body

31
Q

Adipose cells

A

Specialized CT tissue cells that store fat

Found in loose CT

32
Q

Histamine

A

Found in mast cells
increases permeability of small blood vessels
Causes edema in surrounding tissue
Increases mucus production (bronchi)
Triggers smooth muscle contraction in pulmonary airway

33
Q

Heparin

A

Found in mast cells

Is an anticoagulant

34
Q 
Loose CT
Generally
Location
Components
Characteristics
A

“Areolar” tissue
Most common type of CT cells - everywhere!
Found in dermis, hypodermis, around blood vessels and serous linings.
Contains fibroblasts & macrophages,
Contains collagen types, elastic fibers & reticular fibers
Fluid g.s.; most fluid
Flexible but not resistant to injury (has more elastic fibers than dense)
Well vascularized and may contain adipose cells
Have sites of microvasculature
Sub category of CT Proper

35
Q

Hypodermis

A

Fatty layer deep to the skin

36
Q

Dense CT

Generally

A

Not flexible, but better at resisting injury
Lots of type I collagen, that is BUNDLED
Good amount of elastic fibers, not much reticular
Sub category of CT Proper

37
Q

Dense Regular CT

A 
Lots of parallel-arranged bundles, tightly packed, running in same direction
Extremely resistant to tension
Occurs in sheets, bands, or cords
Heavily eosinophilic
Ex: tendons, ligaments
38
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

Collagen fibers arranged in bundles, but not organized in particular direction
Resists stresses in all directions, good at resting shear
Found in dermis, periosteum & perichondrium, & organ capsules

39
Q

Elastic CT

A

Another type of fibrous CT
Relatively rare by itself (lig. nuchae) but often mixed with other tissues
Elasticity
Ex: tunica media

40
Q

Reticular CT

A

Another type of fibrous CT
Provides stable framework (stroma) within organs;
Ex: parenchyma mixed within meshwork

41
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

Very dense collagen bundles with heavy concentrations of fibroblasts

42
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

Very similar to tendons but the collagen bundles are more randomly arranged

43
Q

“Primative”

A

not very advanced

can refer to cells, embryo, etc.

44
Q

Mesenchyme

A

product is very watery
some primitive CT tissue with interstitial fluid
appears like scattered slender star-shaped cells

45
Q

Cartilage

A

type of CT
still fibrous internally
functions to resist tension/forces

46
Q

Inflammation

A

Occurs in fascia
CT compartmentalizes to minimize effect
Sets the stage for repair

47
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

Sub group of fibroblasts
have contractile properties
specialized to act during wound contraction (healing)

48
Q

Monocytes

A

Bloods cells that migrate from the blood stream into CT

Give rise to macrophages

49
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most popular type of WBC
Functions:
Bacterial defense, acute inflammation, some clean up.
Found in dermis,

50
Q

Basophils

A

Type of WBC
Act similar to mast cells
Circulate and occasionally migrate out

51
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Type of WBS
Two types:
T Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes

52
Q

Appearance of Loose CT

A

*picture
A scattered view of cells
Thick collagen fibers, wavy elastic fibers, mast cells
Grossly appears as web of fibers

53
Q

Basic function of Loose CT

A

Supportive

Also, nutritive, protective

Pathology I (9 decks)

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