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Pathology I > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease, based on dysfunctions in the body

Norms vs. challenges

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2
Q

Disease

A

Abnormal structural or functional change in the body. Very multi-faceted

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3
Q

Organic

A

Structural; actual body parts

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4
Q

Inorganic

A

Functional; processes, psychological, etc.

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5
Q

Signs

A

Objective findings.
Can be noted by clinician using senses.
Ex: limited ROM, tightness, brusing

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6
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective complaints.
Cannot be noted by clinician.
Ex: Pain, limited skill

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7
Q

Etiology

A

Cause

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8
Q

Diagnosis

A

Assigning a name to a condition

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9
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Sequence of events in which a disease develops

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10
Q

Syndrome

A

Collection of signs and symptoms that tend to run together

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11
Q

Prognosis

A

Guess as to outcome of a disease.

Ex: Is there treatment?

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12
Q

Endogenous

A

Caused by something internal (to the body)

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13
Q

Exogenous

A

Caused by something external (to the body)

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14
Q

Latrogenic

A

Caused by medical care

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15
Q

Idiopathic

A

Unknown

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16
Q

Incidence

A

of diagnoses in a given time period.
Typically per 100,000
a.k.a. Prevalence (total # seen overall)

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17
Q

Mortality

A

of deaths in a given period of time

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18
Q

Risk factors

A

Factors present that increase the risk of developing a condition.
Doesn’t mean that if present, they will develop a condition, but it does increase the risk.

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19
Q

Modifiable R.F.

A

Risk factors that can be changed

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20
Q

Non-Modifiable R.F.

A

Risk factors that can’t be changed

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21
Q

Why do we develop disease?

A

Something goes wrong in cells.

Results in loss of homeostatic function of cell.

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22
Q

Cell

A

Structural and functional unit of the body

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23
Q

Organization of cells in body

A

Cells > Tissues > Organs > Systems > Organism

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24
Q

Basic structure of cell

A

Nucleus
Organelles
Cell membrane

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25
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material

Directs function of cell

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26
Q

Organelles

A

Carry out functions

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27
Q

Cell membrane

A

Selective entry and exit of substances

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28
Q

Types of disease

A
  1. Organic disease

2. Non-Organic disease

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29
Q

Organic disease

A

a.k.a. Structural disease
Involves lesions
*major content for our course

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30
Q

Non-Organic disease

A

a.k.a. Functional disease

No discernable lesions

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31
Q

Genetic & Developmental

A

Structural disease
Abnormality in genetic makeup (ex: cancer)
Conditions due to factors in utero
Conditions occurring later in life as a result of changes caused by genes.

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32
Q

Inflammatory

A

Structural disease
Caused by any agent (internal or external) that evokes inflammatory response.
Internal-vascular or immunologic responses.

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33
Q

Degenerative

A

Structural disease
Degeneration or breakdown of parts over time.
Frequently due to aging

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34
Q

Metabolic

A

Structural disease
Abnormalities in cells’ ability to process or utilize substances.
Deficiencies or changes/imbalances
Ex: endocrine dysfunctions, electrolyte imbalances, enzyme deficiencies

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35
Q

Neoplastic & Types

A

Structural disease
Abnormal cell growth and reproduction
Benign - generally non spreading and non-harmful.
Malignant - generally spreading and harmful

36
Q

Types of Structural Diseases

A
  1. Genetic & Developmental
  2. Inflammatory
  3. Degenerative
  4. Metabolic
  5. Neoplastic
  6. Idiopathic
37
Q

Benign

A

Neoplastic disease type.

Generally non spreading and non-harmful.

38
Q

Malignant

A

Neoplastic disease type.

Generally spreading and harmful

39
Q

Idiopathic

A

Structural disease

Unknown causes

40
Q

How are conditions diagnosed?

A
  1. Subjective history
  2. Physical examinations
  3. Clinical tests or procedures
41
Q

Subjective history

A

First step in diagnosing conditions
Sx
History of the individual

42
Q

Physical examination

A

Second step in diagnosing conditions
Observation of signs
Noted using senses

43
Q

Clinical tests or procedures

A

Third step in diagnosing conditions

Invasive or Non-Invasive

44
Q

Clinical lab tests

A 
Blood
Enzymes
Gases
Metabolic byproducts
Urine
CSF
Saliva
45
Q

Blood tests

A 
Can look for:
Blood cells (type, number)
Presences or absence of substances
Enzymes (from various organs, tissues)
Excretion of substances (metabolic byproducts)
Gases (O2, CO2)
46
Q

Fluid analysis tests

A

Urine
CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
Saliva

47
Q

Cytology/Histology

A

Diagnostic procedure
Tissue sampling
Ex: needle biopsy, excisions biopsy, resection

48
Q

Visualization procedures

A

Direct observation
Radiologic procedures
Endoscopy

49
Q

Direct observation

A

Part of overall clinical picture

May provide diagnosis in some cases

50
Q

Radiologic procedure types

A 
X-ray
CT (CAT)
MRI
Radionuclide studies
Angiography
US (ultrasound)
PET
51
Q

X-ray Scans

A

X-rays pass into body, either pass through or absorbed by tissue
Rays pass through expose white x-ray film
Higher density tissue = appears white (bone)
Lower density tissue = appears dark (muscle)
*Can see some soft tissues based on gradient

52
Q

X-rays

Advantages & Disadvantages

A 
Limitations:
2-D image
Superimposition of skeletal components
Less accurate soft tissue assessment
Advantages:
Cheap
53
Q

X-rays soft tissue visibility

A

Low resolution, but generally can note shapes
Ex: joints, cartilage, discs

Linings of hollow tubes or organs
*Need to administer contrast medium
Ex: intestines, urinary tract, angiogram, etc.

54
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous pyelogram

The use of dye on an x-ray to see soft tissue

55
Q

MBS

A

Modified barium swallow. Usually put in food that is eaten.

Used by speech therapy

56
Q

CT Scans

A

CAT scans
Computerized axial tomography
X-ray tube on movable frame surrounding patient.
Series of x-rays taken & fed into computer.
These are cross sectional images
Can view any plane, 3D images are less common

57
Q

CT Scans

Advantages & Disadvantages

A 
Advantages:
Can view on any plan
Can image osseous or non-osseous structures
Better resolution of soft tissue than x-rays
Sharp resolution
Can offer 3D image
Limitations:
Expensive
58
Q

MR Scans

A

MRI or magnetic resonance imaging
Patient put in strong magnetic field
Bodies protons align in field
Pulse of radio waves directed at patient, dislodges protons and makes them wobble
Wobbling protons emit signal when realigning > signal is converted by computer into image

59
Q

MR Scans

Advantages & Disadvantages

A

Advantages:
Give the BEST results!
Good resolution & contrast of soft tissues (with high water content)
Different forms can focus on various tissues
Can scroll for 3D relationships
Limitations:
Magnetic field is an issue for some patients (metal)
Expensive
Loud and you have to stay very still

60
Q

Radioisotope Studies

A

Radionuclide studies
Administer radioactive substance
Measure uptake and excretion
Ex: Nuclear bone scans

61
Q

Angiography

A

Contrast dye injected into vessels
Image shows blood flow (vasculature)
Looks for blockages
Also called “angiogram, arteriogram, venogram”
Can be done with X-ray, CT, MRI (called MRA)

62
Q

US

A

Ultrasound
High frequency sound waves in the body are reflected by tissues.
Bounce back to machine and convert into image

63
Q

PET Scan

A

Positron emission tomography
Radioactive substance introduced into a metabolically-active molecule (glucose)
Metabolically active areas light up
Ex: abnormal glucose metabolism indicative of seizures

64
Q

Endoscopy

A

Visual examination with fiberoptic scope
Can look at upper and lower GI tracts, broncho (lungs), cystoscopic (bladder), laparoscopic (abdominal wall), arthroscopic (joints), etc.

65
Q

Electrical activity diagnostic procedures

A

EEG, ECG, EMG

Looks at electrical activity in the brain, tissue, muscle, etc.

66
Q

EMG

A

Electromyography

Electrodes superficially on muscle, attached to a biofeedback unit indicates activation of muscle in clinic

67
Q

Mortality

What kills people in the US?

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Cancer (CA)
  3. Stroke (CVA)
  4. Accidents
  5. COPD (lung disease)
68
Q

Mortality

Attributions in the US

A

OVER 50% of deaths are attributed to behavioral & lifestyle factors.
Majority are PREVENTABLE with modification (i.e. diet and exercise)
*We spend more time with patients than any other medical professional

69
Q

Impact PT’s can have on mortality

A

*We spend more time with patients than any other medical professional - we can influence these modifiable factors that attribute to mortality

70
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization
The standard for many classifications
Created the ICF Disablement Model

71
Q

ICF disablement model

A 
Very basic, but powerful
Focuses on the biopsychosocial approach
Has the following categories:
Health condition (disorder or disease)
BFS (body functions and structures)
Activity
Participation
Environmental factors
Personal factors
72
Q

How does the ICF affect PT’s?

A

Determines where we jump in at - participation, environment, treating the BFS, etc.

73
Q

BFS

A

Body function and structures

Physiological functions of body systems and anatomical parts of the body

74
Q

Activity limitations

A

Difficulties an individual may have executing activities. Limitations are measured mild to severe.

75
Q

Participation restriction

A

Problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations. Measured against societal standards.
*Social distinction

76
Q

Disability

A

Umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions

77
Q

Contextual factors

A

Environmental and Personal

78
Q

Types of disease prevention

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

79
Q

Primary prevention

A

Identify risk factors, introduce diet, exercise, stress management, etc. = Education!
Removing or reducing R.F.’s

80
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Promoting early detection and intervention of disease (to prevent further complications)
Disease is present, but goal is to keep at lowest level.

81
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Limiting the impact of the disease.
Decrease the degree of disability and promote rehab and restoration of function in patients with chronic and irreversible diseases.
Disease is in full swing.
Try to keep patient functional, independent, mobile, etc.

82
Q

APTA’s roles of physical therapists

A 
Examination - data collection
Evaluation - clinical judgement
Diagnosis - PT diagnosis
Prognosis - PT prognosis
Intervention
Outcomes assessment
83
Q

Differential diagnosis

A

Being able to recognize symptoms and signs of other diagnoses. Medical screening and medical referrals may be needed.

84
Q

PT Contraindications

A

May require temporal deferral of prescription session or discontinuance (d/c).
May require new order or new assessment.
Worsening of condition, known signs/symptoms
Onset of new signs/symptoms
Unstable, worsening, or fluctuating medical status
New diagnosis

85
Q

What do PT’s treat?

A

The patient, NOT the disease or pathology.

Pathology I (9 decks)

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