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Pathology I > Epithelial Tissues & Derivatives > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissues & Derivatives Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs.

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2
Q

General tissue embryogenesis

A

all body tissues derive from one or more germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue embryogenesis

A

derives from ALL 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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4
Q

Ectoderm

A

most superficial (outermost) germ layer
forms:
epidermis, CNS, PNS, oral and nasal cavities epithelia, cornea, hair, nails, anal epithelial, exocrine glands (mammary), enamel of teeth, and some of cranial skeleton

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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

deep to ectoderm (middle) germ layer

forms muscle, connective tissue, mesothelia, endothelia of blood vessels, kidneys, and gonads.

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

deep to mesoderm (innermost) germ layer

forms epithelial lining of digestive tract, bladder, and most of urethra

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7
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

A

Close cell apposition (presence at a free surface)
Always contiguous with each other
Have cell-to-cell junctions
Create an effective barrier-like arrangement (a special interface between cells)
Functional & morphological polarity
Basal surfaces are attached to a basement membrane

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8
Q

Functional & morphological polarity of epithelial cells

A

different functions are associated with different morphologies of the surface.
Basal end: releases products to help connect to CT (binding surface), faces lumen,
Apix end: communication, sensory, and uptake

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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

seen as a bit of a gap
no nuclei touch it
acts as a type of “glue”
composed of cell product, and mixed viscous components

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10
Q

Location of epithelial tissue

A

the covering (skin) and lining (of blood vessels & digestive tract) of the body; glandular tissue and their ducts

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11
Q

Function of Epithelial tissue

A 
Dependent on location, but OVERALL:
creates selective barrier between external 
environment and underlying CT
Ex:
Protect (skin)
Absorb (GI tract)
Secrete (glands)
Filtrate (kidney tubules)
Sensory Reception (olfactory)
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12
Q

4 Main Facts of Epithelial Tissue

A

Apical (free), intercellular, & basal surfaces
Highly regenerative
Avascular *important!
Highly innervated

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13
Q

Classification of Epithelial tissue

A 
Covering vs. Glandular
>
Shape
>
Layering
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14
Q

Covering

A

Forms a selective barrier over something; found on surfaces

Majority of epithelial tissue

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15
Q

Glandular

A

Specialized for secretion of products
forms invaginations deep to surface
forms secretory units and ducts in the lumen

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16
Q

Shape Classification

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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17
Q

Squamous

A

flat appearing cells; squashed

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18
Q

Cuboidal

A

square or cube shaped

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19
Q

Columnar

A

tall shaped

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20
Q

Layering Classification

A

simple or stratified

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21
Q

Simple

A

Only one cell thick

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22
Q

Stratified

A

not all cells touch the basement membrane

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23
Q

Simple squamous

A

found in blood vessels, alveoli, body cavities (mesothelium)

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24
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

secretion and absorption; in kidney tubules and exocrine gland ducts

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25
Q

Simple columnar

A

secretion and absorption; may have microvilli and goblet cells; gut lining

26
Q

Stratified squamous

A

*identify

27
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

To differentiate between stratified columnar, look at nuclei. If nuclei is rounded then cuboidal

28
Q

Stratified columnar

A

To differentiate between stratified cuboidal, look at nuclei. If nuclei is oval then columnar

29
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

goblet cells, cilia in respiratory. secrete and conducts objects along

30
Q

Basal lamina

A

layer of extracellular matrix secreted by EP tissue
epithelium sits on
composed of laminin, Collagen type IV, and proteoglycan
provides protective barrier with limits exchanges of macromolecules with CT
attached to underlying CT

31
Q

Reticular lamina

A

a network of reticular fibers produced by CT which anchors the basal lamina

32
Q

Basement membrane

Components and Function

A

thin sheet of fibers underlies epithelium or the endothelium
has matrix beneath any epithelium
fusion of the reticular and basal laminae
function: anchor mechanism for EP and CT via SAMs
also acts as mechanical barrier (prevents malignant cells from deeper tissues)

33
Q

Intercellular junctions

A

Tight junctions
located at apices of epithelial cells
region where plasma membranes of adjoining cells are in close contact to seal of intercellular space
complete seal so only actively transported materials can enter

34
Q

Communicating junctions

A

Gap junctions
important for coordinated activity of cells (ex: heart muscle or fluid electrolyte transport)
Consists of accumulation of pots in tightly packaged setting

35
Q

SAMs

A

substrate adhesion molecules

cell-matrix adhesions that anchors EP and CT

36
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cells specialized for cell to cell adhesion.
Found on lateral surface of plasma membranes
Consists of linking proteins attached to internally located cytoskeletal elements

37
Q

Structures located on the apical surface of cells

A

Microvilli
Flagella
Stereocilia

38
Q

Microvilli

A

Numerous in intestinal and kidney tubule cells
Long, motile projections with longitudinal microtubules
They insert into basal bodies
Actively propel substances using ATP

39
Q

Flagella

A

Similar to cilia, but usually only one present
Longer
Only in spermatozoa

40
Q

Stereocilia

A

Long, non-motile microvilli
Not true cilia
Seen on ductus epidermis cells

41
Q

Covering Epithelial

Organization & Location

A

Organization: one or more layers
Location: coverings of external surfaces or linings of cavities

42
Q

Types of Covering Epithelial

A

Simple Squamos
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar

Pseudostratisfied Columnar
Stratisfied Squamos
Stratisfied Cuboidal/Columnar

Transitional

43
Q 
Simple Sqaumos
(Organization, function, location)
A

Single layer
Function in filtration and exchange
Located in areas needing simple difusion

Found in:
Air sacs of lungs
Dndothelium of blood vessels
Mesothelium (lining of body cavities)

44
Q 
Simple Cuboidal 
(Organization, function, location)
A

Single layer
Function in secretion and absorption

Found in:
Kidney tubules
Ducts of exocrine glands

45
Q 
Simple Columnar
(Organization, function, location)
A

Single tall layer of cells
Specialized for secretion and absorption
Often have microvilli & goblet cells (which form mucus)

Found in:
Most of digestive tract lining

46
Q 
Pseudostratisfied Columnar
(Organization, function, location)
A

Single layer
Some cells don’t reach apical surface
Numerous goblet cells and cilia in some types
Specialized to secrete and conduct objects along

Found in:
Lining in the respiratory tract

47
Q

Stratisfied Squamos

Detailed

A

Multilayered with squamous cells near free surface
Resists abrasion

Found in:
Esophagus
Skin (with cornified layer)

48
Q

Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar

Detailed

A

Rare

Found in:
Large ducts of some glands
Male Urethra

49
Q

Transitional

Detailed

A

Modified stratified squamous cells
Allow stretching or “distention”

Found in:
Ureters
Bladder
Upper urethra

50
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

All specialized cells that produce something

Ex: hormones

51
Q

Glands

A

One or more cells that synthesize and release chemical products
Products stored in membranous secretory glanules
Can be unicellular, exocrine, or endocrine

52
Q

Formation

A

From epithelial cells that proliferate and penetrate adjacent connective tissue
Sheet-like morphology is obscured

53
Q

Types of Glandular Epithelia

A

Unicellular glands
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands

54
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Goblet cells (mucus-secreting epithelial glands situated in columnar epithelium)

Found in:
Surface linings of intestinal tract
Parts of tracheobronchial tree

55
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete their products onto a surface through epithelial ductwork
Secrete products through ducts to specific regions
Appear like grapes
Have secretory portion of cells that release product

Simple glands have one duct and may be: tubular, coiled, branched, or acinar
Compound glands have repeated branching and may be tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar

Ex: salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands

56
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Connection to free surface is obliterated during development
Without ducts
Secrete products to general blood circulation through capillary networks within the glands

Products are hormones and one certain cells/organs are receptive to them

Ex: insulin-secreting cells of pancreas

57
Q

Types of Secretion in Exocrine Glands

A

Merocrine
Aporcrine
Holocrine

58
Q

Merocrine

A

Forms secretory granules within the epithelial cell
The granules leave the cell via exocytosis
Epithelial cell remains intact

Most common mechanism of secretion:
found in pancreases, salivary glands

59
Q

Apocrine

A

Product expelled with some apical cytoplasm but cell repairs itself afterward

Found in:
Mammary glands

60
Q

Holocrine

A

Product expelled with entire cell while cell undergoes programmed cell death
Both secretory and cell fragments expelled into lumen of gland
Cell replaced later
Found in sebaceous glands of the skin

61
Q

Mucous secretions

A

Viscous
Slimy
Water-soluble

Secreted by:
goblet cells
secretory cells of most salivary glands
surface epithelial cells of GI tract

62
Q

Serous secretions

A

Protein secretions

Found in:
Pancreas
Parotid gland

Pathology I (9 decks)

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