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Pathology I > Surface Membrane & Connective Tissue Support > Flashcards

Surface Membrane & Connective Tissue Support Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A 
Highly regenerative
Avascular
Highly innervated
Almost always associated with CT
Immediately adjacent to basal surface
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2
Q

Surface Membranes

Major Function

A

Physical barrier!

First line of defense

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3
Q

Physical barriers

Function and examples

A

Non-specific means of defense
Impede damage by “sealing it off” from environment
Regulate how other tissues communicate with foreign matierial

Ex:
Epidermis of skin
Mucous membranes
Cellular secretions (tears, earwax, mucus, stomach acid)

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4
Q

Physical barriers

Trade offs

A

Any membrane can be considered a coating, which leaves tissues/organs vulnerable if exposed
Some are more mechanically protective (based on thickness)
Thick membranes may secrete, but then don’t likely absorb well
If they actively pump substances, may have ample cytoplasm

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5
Q

Order of defense

A

Physical barrier
Cells in CT
…
Immune system

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6
Q

The environment is…

A

both outside and within us

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7
Q

If entirely passive transport occurs, what type of epithelia is it?

A

Simple Squamos Epithelium

Ex: capillaries

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8
Q

Non-specific means of defense

A

Occurs before immune system is activated.
1 - surface membrane
2 - white blood cells
3 - lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are the main cellular components of the immune system?

A

Lymphocytes

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10
Q

Neutrophils

Overview

A

Non-specific, even if they specialize in some functions

Respond to inflammatory insult
Capable of phagocytosis of bacteria
Cellular means of defense

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11
Q

Innate immune system

A

Includes neutrophils and other leucocytes

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12
Q

Neutrophils

Actions

A

“Bacteria specialists”
Produce signals that augment repair
Rich source of prostaglandin (to facilitate mucosal repair)
Circulate in blood
Normally most numerous of leukocytes in CT & epithelia

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13
Q

Basement membrane components

A

Basil lamina and reticular lamina

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14
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Targeted activity of lymphocytes

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15
Q

CT

General

A

Very broad tissue category in micro-anatomy

Physically tough

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16
Q

Types of CT

A 
Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments
Soft (adipose)
Fluid (blood)
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17
Q

General functions of CT

A

Structure
Metabolic
Immune defense

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18
Q

Mechanical functions of CT

A

Provide support to body

Facilitate movement

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19
Q

Metabolic functions of CT

A

Most CT is very vascular, but blood is avascular.

Metabolic needs are borne by blood vessels within the supporting CT

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20
Q

Defense functions of cT

A

Contain many blood vessels specialized for defense
Cells are capable of migrating into CT
Cells patrol the regions deep to epithelial boundaries

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21
Q

The integument layers

A

Three:
Outermost - Physical barrier
Outer layer - Epidermis
Inner layer - Dermis

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22
Q

Outermost physical barrier

Definition

A

Most external boundary between internal and environment
Protective
Serves as site of absorption, excretion, or sensory output and uptake

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23
Q

Outermost physical barrier

A

Composed of epidermis and dermis
Papillae present at junction between layers

Two categories of thickness:
Thick
Thin

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24
Q

Papillae

A

Projections of the dermis at the junction between layers

Help the adherence (distribute tension) to epidermis

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25
Q

Thick skin

A

Rougher
Smooth (except for ridges like fingerprints)
Hairless

Ex: palms, soles of feet

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26
Q

Thin skin

A 
Hairy
Found elsewhere (not palms or soles of feet)
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27
Q

Epidermis

Characteristics & type

A

Outer layer
Epithelial component
Avascular

Has cell types within

Has five layers, deep to superficial

Stratisfied squamous epithelium

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28
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue component
Has many cell types (fibroblasts, fat cells, smooth muscle cells)
Highly vascular
Resilient leather or hide

Has two layers: papillary and reticular

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29
Q

Protective characteristics of Epidermis

A

High degree stratification
Phagocyte
Cellular products
Dead surface layer

30
Q

Cells types of Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhans cells

31
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Manufacture keratin

32
Q

Melanocytes

A

Contain pigments

Gives skin it’s color

33
Q

Merkel cells

A

Present in small numbers
Located at epidermal - dermal junction
Flat bottomed discs

Directly communicate with afferent (sensory) nerve endings
Merkel discs = light pressure mechanoreceptors

34
Q

Langerhan’s cells

A

Macrophages
2-8% of epidermal population
Derived from bone marrow
Can bind antigens for presentation to T-cells

35
Q

Keratin

A 
A tough waterproof protein
Manufactured by keratinocytes
Forms basis for: 
Outer epidermis
Nails
Hair
36
Q

Five layers of the Epidermis

A 
Deep to Superficial:
Stratum Basale
Straum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
37
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Deepest layer of epidermis
Germinativum
Cells which divide and multiply
The source of cells for more superficial layers
Mostly keratinocytes and melanocytes
Numerous desmosomes bind cells to one another

38
Q

Straum Spinosum

A

Above the stratum basale of epidermis
Maturing cells
Spiny in preparation due to shrinkage while desmosomes hold
Has tension-resistant protein filaments
Langerhans cells migrate in from bone marrow (act as macrophages)
Has Malpighian layer

39
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Above the stratus spinosum of epidermis
Cells contain keratohyalin granules (basophilic)
Cells above this layer are relatively nutrient starved (aka dead)

40
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A 
Above the stratum lucidum of epidermis
Dead cells which had produced keratin fibrils from keratohyalin and filaments fill the cells
No organelles are seen
Desmosomes still seen
Can be absent or the thinnest
Appear lucid or clear
41
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Most superficial layer of epidermis
Layer of dead keratinocytes and glycolipid
Usually 15-20 cells thick (can be up to 30)
Keratin fills the cells - serves to protect and insulate
Cells are cornified
Thinner layer then stratum lucidum

42
Q

Malpighian layer

A

Consists of the stratum basale and spinosum

The ONLY area of mitoses (active cell sites)

43
Q

Keratohyalin granules (basophilic)

A

Important components of keratin and lamellar granules
Act to conserve moisture
Act as barrier against antigens

44
Q

Sensory structures in dermis

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles

45
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Sensory structure in dermis
Located in dermal papillae of hairless skin

Function as mechanoreceptors for light pressure, discriminant touch (rolling of fingertips)

Especially fingertips, eyelids, nipples, external genitalia

46
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Sensory structure in dermis
Located in subcutaneous tissue of skin

Function as mechanoreceptors for deep pressure, stretch

Most abundant in fingers, soles of feet, external genitalia, nipples

47
Q

Loose CT vs. Dense CT

A

Loose: more superficial, has more cells here
Dense: irregular, dense, has collagen bundles, deeper!

48
Q

Early phases of healing in epidermis and skin

Microscopic view

A

First will notice inflammation then black dots (white blood cells)

49
Q

Two layers of dermis

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

50
Q

Hypodermis

A 
Deeper tissue to the dermis
NOT part of integument
Loose CT 
Adipose tissue
Capillary bed sources are here
51
Q

Papillary layer

A 
One of two layers in dermis
Most superficial
Thin
Dermal papillae which project into stratum basale
Contains blood vessels
Nerve endings
Lymphatics (loose CT, most vascular)
52
Q

Reticular layer

A 
One of two layers in dermis
Deeper
Thicker
Thick collagen
Elastic fiber bundles
Contains sweat glands
Contains hair follicles
53
Q

Where are hair follicles formed?

A

Epidermis

54
Q

What are the keratin derivatives?

A

Hair

Nails

55
Q

Hair

A

Keratinized cells
Produced by hair follicles
Hair root shafts consist of central medulla & outer cuticle

Initially fine and androgen influence at puberty

56
Q

Nails

A

Hardened modifications of epidermis

Nail matrix is actively growing region

57
Q

Melanin

A

Produces hair color

58
Q

Hair follicles

A 
Consist of inner epidermal root sheaths
Enclose matrixes
Well vascularized
Innervated
Arrector pili muscles
Pull follicles to upright position (goose bumps)
59
Q

What muscles produce goose bumps?

A

Arrector pili muscles

Pull follicles to upright position (goose bumps)

60
Q

Factors reflecting hair thinning

A

Follicular resting pds
Age related follicle atrophy
Genetics

61
Q

Glands in dermis

A 
Sebaceous
Eccrine
Apocrine
Scent and wax
Mammary
62
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Glands in dermis
Usually opening onto hair follicles
Secrete sebum (waxy secretions)
Not found on palm or sole of feet

63
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Glands in dermis
Coiled
Allow for thermoregulation

64
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Glands in dermis
More thick and odorous secretion than eccrine glands
Release waste

65
Q

Scent and wax glands

A

Modified apocrine glands

66
Q

Mammary glands

A

Modified sweat glands

67
Q

Mucosae
Organization

Similarity to Integument

A

Include:
Epithelial part AND connective tissue deep to it

Similar to integument
(Skin = epidermis & dermis)
(Mucosae = surface membrane and CT support)

68
Q

Mucosae

Functions

A

Protection (similar to physical barrier)
Communicative (may be sensory, may produce secretions)
Can be specialized in other ways (absorption, digestion)
Defense (like gut associated lymphoid tissue)

69
Q

Mucosae

Components

A

Mucosal Membrane

Lamina Propria

70
Q

Mucosal membrane

A

Component of mucosae

Epithelium, varied specialization

71
Q

Lamina Propria

A 
Component of mucosae
Connective tissue support
Loose CT
Provides blood supply to surface membrane
May overlie deeper CT
72
Q

Sinus

A

Can refer to various components, can be:
Pockets within bones
Also depressions in dura to allow blood flow
Spaces

Pathology I (9 decks)

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