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Pathology I > Blood Cells & Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Cells & Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cellular components

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2
Q

Components formed by hematopoiesis

A

All blood cells
Extracellular components
Blood vessels
Lymphoid tissues (CT)

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3
Q

How much blood do most adults have at a given time?

A

About 6L of blood

Approx 7-8% of total body weight

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4
Q

Blood

Functions

A 
Transportation throughout the body (O2, waste, CO2)
Delivery of hormones 
Maintain homeostasis
Acts as a buffer
Acts as a coagulant
Participates in thermoregulation
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5
Q

Blood

Components

A

Cells and their derivatives

Plasma: protein-rich fluid

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6
Q

What are all blood cells derived from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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7
Q

How many blood cells are formed daily?

A

10^11 - 10^12

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8
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

Reside in bone marrow
Give rise to all mature blood types and tissues
Self-renewing

Give rise to myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

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9
Q

Location of hematopoietic stem cells

A

Fetal, infants, toddlers: spleen and thymus

Adults: spleen, marrow cavity of long bones

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10
Q

Adult Hematopoietic stem cells

A 
In the red bone marrow
(spleen remains active in maturing and differentiating lymphoid cells)
Most hematopoietic stem cells in adults resides in:
Pelvis
Cranial bones
Vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
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11
Q

Fetal, infants, toddlers hematopoietic stem cells

A

Located in spleen and thymus
A boarding school for T-cells
When long bones gain medullary cavity, function switches over to there

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12
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

Become myeloblasts

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13
Q

Blood cell lineages

A

Three:
Erythroid cells
Lymphoid cells
Myelocytes (granulocytic lineage)

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14
Q

Erythroid cells

A

Form RBC’s

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15
Q

Lymphoid cells

A

Form lymphocytes = WBC’s

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16
Q

Myelocytes

A

Form granulocytes = WBC’s

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17
Q

Do dipole have marrow?

A

Yes
Red marrow
(spongy inside compact bone)

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18
Q

Plasma

Composition

A

Fluid component of blood
90% water, 10% dissolved solutes
3 Main plasma proteins

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19
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid contain lymphocytes (WBC) to fight infections

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20
Q

Main plasma proteins

A

Three groups:
Albumin
Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins
Fibrinogen

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21
Q

Solutes

A 
Composed of the following:
Plasma proteins  7%
Inorganic salts  0.9%
Organic compounds  2.1% (amino acids, vitamins, hormones)
Gases
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22
Q

Albumin

A

Group of plasma proteins
Largest component
Primary role: maintain blood osmotic pressure
Made by liver

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23
Q

Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

A

Group of plasma proteins

Gamma: immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Released by plasma cells (lymphocytes)

Alpha and beta: transport proteins
Made by liver;
fat soluble vitamins

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24
Q

Fibrinogen

A 
Group of plasma proteins
Clotting protein
Made by liver
Circulates in an inactive form 
(can be activated to form a clot for wound healing)
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25
Q

Lipids

A

Not soluble
Still may be transported
Bound to hydrophobic portions of transport proteins

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26
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

Blood cells

Include:
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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27
Q

Erythrocytes

A 
Red blood cells
Biconcave discs (7.5 um)
Thin centers appear lighter than edges
Small enough to be transported along
Anaerobic
Anucleate
Essentially no organelles

Bags of hemoglobin (gas transport)
Some peripheral proteins line inner sides of plasmalemma (maintain shape and flexibility)

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28
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature RBC’s
Recently released by bone marrow
May show sparse stained granules
Normally comprise 1% of RBC’s

When they mature, they lose their:
Mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, etc.

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29
Q

Lifespan of RBC’s

A

Approx. 120 days

Worn out cells removed by macrophages of spleen

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30
Q

Sickle cell disease

A 
Example of RBC dysfunction
Inherited disorder
RBC's become flattened from the side
Inflexible and fragile
Leads to anemia
Shortened lifespan
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31
Q

Hematocrit

A

The volume of packed erythrocytes in a sample of blood

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32
Q

RBC Energy

A

Energy obtained from glucose

Anaerobic generation of ATP

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33
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC’s
Specific and non-specific defense
Involved cellular and humoral defense
Move about in suspension of plasma
Can become motile and exit to the bloodstream
Two classifications: granulocytes and agranulocytes

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34
Q

Rh System

A

Looks for presence of absence of Rh factor (antigen)
In cell membrane of RBC’s
Important in blood donation and pregnancies

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35
Q

Antigens

A

Two kinds, A and B

On surface of RBC’s

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36
Q

Antibodies

A

Are in plamsa

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37
Q

Granulocytes

A 
Classification of leukocytes
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
"many shapes of nucleus"
Have lobed nuclei 
Usually pertains to neutrophils

Contain nuclei with two or more lobes and have specific granules that have specific functions

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38
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Classification of leukocytes
Mononuclear leukocytes
May have lysosomes

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39
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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40
Q

Types of agranuloctes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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41
Q

What is the histological hallmark of acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil presence
Lots of chemicals
Inflammation is a nasty process to clean up!
They collect in large numbers if something wrong.
Process could be minutes to days

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42
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Type of granulocytes (leukocytes)
60-70%
12-15 um
Typically have 3-lobe nucleus
Lobes linked by chromatin threads
Numerous visible granules
Lifespan: 6 hours in bloodstream
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43
Q

Chromatin threads

A

Link the lobes of nucleus in neutrophils

44
Q

What cells account for half of WBC’s?

A

Neutrophils

45
Q

Immature vs. old neutrophils

A

Have non-segmented, horse-shoe nuclei

More than five lobes may occur in old neutrophils

46
Q

Function of Neutrophils

A

Defense against microorganisms
(motility means they can exit blood stream into CT and act there)
Can phagocytize bacteria and fungi
Kill bacteria with a respiratory burst

“Bacteria specialists” - oxygen used to produce potent substances such as bleach and hydrogen peroxide

47
Q

Eosinophils

A

Type of granulocytes (leukocytes)
2-4%
12-15 um

Poorly developed ER, Golgi complex, mitochondria
Contain large, elongate specific granules that contain enzymes (which attack parasites)

They DON’T know speicif antigens, just follow chemical patterns

Can be found in: 
Underlying CT of skin
Bronchi
GI tract
Uterus
Vagina

Lifespan: 8-12 days

48
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A 
Regulate function of other leukocytes
Attack parasitic worms
Destroy antigen-antibody complexes
Inactivate some inflammatory mediators
(reactive leukotrienes and histamine)
49
Q

Basophils

A

Type of granulocytes (leukocytes)
0.5%
12-15 um

Numerous granulocytes
Histologically and functionally similar to mast cells

Lifespan: several hours to days

50
Q

Basophils

A

Contain granules with histamine and heparin
Can release granules in response to antigens

Mostly seen in bloodstream, but can migrate to CT

51
Q

Mast cells

A

Contain granules with histamine and heparin
Can release granules in response to antigens

Only found in CT
Have more oval nuclei

52
Q

Histamine

A

Vasodilator

53
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant

54
Q

What has to occur before healing can happen?

A

Inflammation has to end!

55
Q

Lymphocytes

A 
Type of agranulocytes
Second most numerous leukocytes, 20-30%
5-18 um
Spherical nuclei
Vary widely in size

Three types:
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
T cells
B cells

56
Q

Monocytes

A

Type of agranulocytes
Largest leukocyte in size
12-24 um
Lifespan: hours to days in blood

Live for months as macrophages in CT (important)
Turn over regularly in the blood
Differentiate into larger macrophages
Active in phagocytosis

Require not previous exposure (innate)

57
Q

Natural killer cells

A 
Type of lymphocyte
Large, granular
Protect body from tumors
Protect body from virally infected cells
Release cytotoxic granules

No previous exposure needed (innate)
Lifespan: hours to years

58
Q

T cells

A

Type of lymphocyte
Major part of adaptive immune response
Produce antibodies
Shorter lifespan
Involved in direct encounters and collaboration
Differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells

Main player in recognizing something different and targeting it with antibodies

59
Q

B cells

A

Type of lymphocyte
Major part of adaptive immune response
Longer lifespan
Differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells

Main player in recognizing something different and targeting it with antibodies

60
Q

Memory cells

A

Store info about antigens (like vaccines)

Formed by T and B cells

61
Q

Macrophages

A

Great collaborative of immune systems
Phagocytosis
“Collectors”
Doesn’t need exposure (innate)

62
Q

Platelets

A 
Thrombocytes
2-4 um
Annucleate
Disc shaped cell fragments
Actually fragments of megakaryocytes

Clump together in stains
Lifespan: 5-10 days

63
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Huge myeloid cells

64
Q

Function of platelets

A 
Active blood clotting
Granules contain serotonin (vasoconstrictor)
Adenosine diphosphate (attracts more platelets)
65
Q

Red bone marrow

Components

A 
Contains:
Stroma
Matrix is collage I & II
Glycoproteins (fibronectin, hemonectin)
Proteoglycans
Hematopoietic stem cells
Sinusoids
66
Q

Stroma

A

Delicate network of reticular fibers
Contains stem cells and macrophages
Inside red marrow

67
Q

Sinusoids

A

In red marrow
Thin endothelia
Mature cells may migrate in at thinnest regions

68
Q

Functions of red marrow

A

Produces blood cells
Breaks down old RBC’s
Storage or iron (from hemoglobin)

69
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Appears yellow as child, due to increased storage of adipose cells
May covert to red marrow (hypoxia and bleeding)

70
Q

Blood vessels

Development

A

Develop from blood islands
Central cells form erythrocytes
Peripheral cells flatten and form endothelial lining

71
Q

Blood islands

A

Visible patches of condensed mesenchyme
Central cells in them differentiate into erythrocytes
Peripheral cells flatten and form endothelial lining

72
Q

Heart

Development

A

Some similarities to blood vessel development
Forms from cariogenic cords that canalize to form a lumen
Once canalized, there are heart tubes

73
Q

Layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

74
Q

Tunica intima

A

Layer of blood vessels
Endothelium
Simple Squamos Epithelium

In larger vessels, a subendotheliual layer of loose CT connects intima to media

An elastic membrane (internal elastic lamina) may be present

75
Q

Tunica media

A

Layer of blood vessels

Mostly circular arrangement of smooth muscle
Elastic fibers in lamellar sheets
Reticular fibers, proteoglycans are present in variable amounts

Vasomotor nerves
Baroreceptors

76
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

Layer of blood vessels

Collagen type I and elastic fibers
In larger vessels, vasa vasorum is present here.

Lymphatic capillaries penetrate this layer

Can have external elastic lamina

77
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Penetrate the tunica adventitia only in arteries

Greater pressure in arteries could compress lymph vessels

78
Q

Internal elastic lamina

A

An elastic membrane that may be present in some arteries

Muscular and elastic
This “smooths out blood pressure level”

79
Q

Vasomotor nerves

A

Inside tunica media layer of blood vessels

Sympathetic

80
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Inside tunica media layer of blood vessels
Sense pressure
In the aortic arch and carotid sinus

81
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

Can be located in tunica adventitia
Tiny vessels that nourish the outermost parts (adventitia, media) of vessels (veins, where oxygen and nutrition levels are low)

82
Q

External elastic lamina

A

Can be present in tunica adventitia in some larger arteries (muscular)

May separate media and adventitia

Is thinner than internal elastic lamina

83
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Aorta and major branches
Largest amount of elastin
In all three layers, but mostly tunica media
Kept under continuous pressure*
Relatively thin tunica adventitia in large arteries

84
Q

Muscular arteries

A 
Extension of the elastic arteries
Proportionally the thickest tunica media
More smooth muscle than elastin
It's less elastic
Mor vasoconstrictive
Has intermediate elastic laminae
85
Q

Arterioles

General and Function

A

Very small!
Leads to the front end of capillary bed
Mostly smooth muscle in tunica media
Small ones barely have tunica adventitia

Function:
Vasoconstriction (dictate where blood is)

86
Q

Capillaries

General

A 
A little larger than arterioles
Just enough for erythrocytes
One has tunica intima
Usually very porous (fenestrated), some are not.
One cell thick

Function:
Site of oxygen exchange and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues

87
Q

Venules

A 
Initially only tunica intima
Very porous
Larger
Fairly simple
Have thin media and adventitia
88
Q

Veins

A

Larger than arteries in diameter, but thinner walls
(because not as much pressure)
Thin walls
All three layers present, kind of merge together
Large lumens
Have valves

89
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Example of a capillaries due to tight junctions

90
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries

A

Extremely thin and leaky (liver, marrow)

91
Q

Menschymal cells

A

Have long cytoplasmic proteins around capillaries and venules
Have actin, myosin, tropomyosin which suggest mobility
They proliferate following tissue injury to differentiate into new blood vessel endothelial cells
Important to granulation tissue!

92
Q

Atherosclerosis

A 
Most common form of arteriosclerosis
Primarily affects the elastic arteries
(aorta, carotid, iliac) &
Large muscular arteries 
(coronary, popliteal)
Accounts for more deaths/serious illness in Western world than ANYTHING else.
93
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

The thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries
Typically occurs in old age
Different types

94
Q

Atheromas

A

A necrotic core of lipid, debris, and T-cells

Basic lesions involved
Lipid cores of a surrounding fibrous cap
In small vessels, these are occlusive

95
Q

Lesions

A

Lipid cores of a surrounding fibrous cap

Initial lesions are fatty streaks (flat or minimally elevated) and contain accumulation of lipid in tunica intima

Macrophages with large amount of stored lipid (foam cells) accumulate here

96
Q

Aneurysm

A

In large vessels
Atheromas weaken the walls & can cause
(aneurysms, ruptures, or predispose to thrombosis)

Can also occur due to genetic syndromes (Marfans) or vasculitis

Infections can occur in rarer causes

97
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Can cause aneurysms

Inherited disorder affects CT
Affects heart, eyes, blood vessels, and bones

98
Q

Diabetes-related vascular disease

A

Hyalinization

Tissue degenerates into a translucent, glass-like substance

99
Q

How does continuous pressure in elastic arteries work?

A

They always have continuous pressure.

Elastic recoil propels blood after ventricular contraction.

100
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Very porous

Inflammation can cause fenestrations to enlarge

101
Q

Non-fenestrated capillaries

A

Don’t have pores
Specialized for transport of macromolecules to and from tissues (via pinocytotic vesicles)

These continuous capillaries have tight junctions
Small intercellular clefts present

Ex: muscle tissue, exocrine glands, nervous tissue

102
Q

Pericytes

A

Long cytoplasmic proteins

Multi-functional cells that wrap around capillaries and venules

103
Q

Valves

A 
Also called "venous valves"
Inside veins (mostly of limbs)
Folds of tunica intima
Prevent back flow/overcome gravity in low BP conditions
Muscular activities encourage flow
104
Q

Incompetent Valves

A

Located in inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

105
Q

Fibrous cap

A

A layer of CT that is thicker and less cellular than usual subendotheilial CT
Contains lipid-satiated macrophages and smooth muscle cells

106
Q

Vasculitis

A

Inflammation of the blood vessels that causes changes in the vessels walls

Can cause walls to thick and narrow which cuts off vital blood supply

Pathology I (9 decks)

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