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Pathology I > Microanatomy > Flashcards

Microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Science concerned with the microscopic structure of cells, tissues, organs and their function.
a.k.a. microanatomy

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Cellular and fibrous elements in which one particular type of cell or fiber usually predominates.

Organized to form the material basis of one of the functional systems of the body.

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3
Q

Cell

A

The smallest unit of an organism which can carry out self-sustaining functions

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4
Q

Tissue preparation

4 Steps

A
  1. Stop biological activity and degradation
  2. Tissues are decalcified, dehydrated, and perfused into an embedding medium (paraffin or resin)
  3. Tissues are stained
  4. Sliced into very thin sections
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5
Q

Fixation

A

Cause linkage of macromolecules.
Increases effectiveness of staining.
Shrinkage is a frequent byproduct.
Some degree of distortion occurs to cells

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6
Q

Staining

A

Facilitates microscopic observations dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of the cell.

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7
Q

Acidic dyes

A

Carry a negative charge
React with ionic + cell structures:
Ionized amino groups or proteins

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8
Q

Basic dyes

A

Carry a positive charge
React with anionic - cell structures:
Phosphate groups of nucleic acids, sulfate groups of glycosaminoglycans, and carboxyl groups of proteins

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9
Q

Basophilic

A

Refers to cellular/extracellular elements

Include portions of chromatin, nucleoli, ergatosplams, and carbohydrate groups of cartilage matrix.

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10
Q

Acidophilic

A

Eosinophilic
Include most cytoplasmic filaments, most intracellular structures, and most unspecialized cystoplasm, and most extracellular fibers (ionized amino groups).

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11
Q

Ergastoplasm

A

Portion of cytoplasm that stains with basic dyes to phosphate groups of RNA

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12
Q

H & E

A

Hematoxylin & Eosin
Hematoxlyin = behaves like basic dye
Eosin = an acid dye

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13
Q

Light microscopy

A

LM
Examination of stained sections by transillumination
Use 3 types of lenses:

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14
Q

Electron microscopy

A

EM
Small blocks of fresh tissue are rapidly fixed

A beam of electrons are sent through tissue, they can’t penetrate through glass, so specimen is mounted on metal grids.

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15
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Plasmalemma
The selective barrier, acts as the “skin”.

Protects, communicates and has specific receptors for outer boundary of the cell.

Has a trilaminar appearance (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) layers.

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16
Q

Tight junctions

A

Protein molecules of adjacent cells fuse together like a zipper
Ex: GI Tract

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17
Q

Desmosomes

A

Raised thickenings on cell walls.

Send keratin filaments to attach to desmosomes of adjacent cells

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18
Q

Gap junctions

A

Hollow protein cylinders “connexons”
Has protonatious ring
Ex: Skin

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19
Q

Protonatious ring

A

Creates a pore to allow certain molecules through based on size

20
Q

Cell-to-cell junctions

A

3 Types:
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

Determine how cells are linked to each other and interact

21
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Like the fingerprint of a cell.

Immune cells read this to identify cells

22
Q

Plasma membrane structure

A

Has two layers of phospholipid molecules
Hydrophilic faces water
Water is outside and inside every cell - super important to send/recieve messages and transact nutrients
Hydrophobic faces inward on both sides of phospholipid layers

23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasmic matrix
Combo of cytosol and organelles.
More organelles = more function
*think jello mold with its contents

24
Q

Organelles

A

Operate within cytosol and inclusions are suspended within it.

25
Q

Mitochondria

A

Eosinophilia when present in great quantities.
ATP occurs here.
Very reliant on the presence of Type I muscle fibers (slow twitch).

26
Q

Ribosomes

A

Basophilic.
Produced dark regions of cytoplasm
Nissl bodies (via E.R. of neurons), or
Basophilic bodies (most other cells).

27
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Basophilic structures

High RNA presence

A system of tubes within:
Ribosomes externally
Cysternae internally

28
Q

Microtrabecullae of the matrix

A

Cross sectional structural network of the cytoplasmic matrix

29
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Eosinophilic cytoplasm if plentiful.

A highly membranous structure.

30
Q

Cysternae

A

Fluid filled sites

Protein modification inside R.E.R.

31
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Mitochondria are efficient at ATP generation

32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Storage & protein synthesis

33
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane sacs of digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion.

Degradation of worn out organelles.

Function: Removes waste, garbage

34
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Elements include:
Microfilament
Microtubules
Microtrabeculae

35
Q

Microfilament

A

Act in cell structure, movement, contraction and division.

Have network like appearance

36
Q

Microtubules

A

Act as conveyer belts inside cells

37
Q

Microtrabeculae

A

Helps suspend and organize components of cytoplasm and organelles

38
Q

Nucleus

A

Negatively charged

Basophilic

Intensity depends on concentration of DNA /RNA

39
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Appears as two layered phospholipid barrier.

Has pores present for movement of RNA molecules out and protein molecules in.

40
Q

Chromatin & Activity

A

Thread like structures made of DNA and “histone proteins”

High synthetic activity is a reflection of dispersed chromatin large nuclei

Low synthetic activity is a clumping of chromatin and poorly visible nucleoli.

41
Q

Nucleoli

A

Darkly stained bodies with no membranes

High synthetic activity is a reflection of rRNA synthesis.

42
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Uniquely excitable

Soft tissue that gives rise to muscles’ ability to contract.

43
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Uniquely excitable

Makes up the CNS & PNS

Function: integration and communication

44
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Very flexible in activity.

The go-to for barrier membranes.

Function: Line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels

45
Q

Connective Tissue

A

“Catch all”
If not muscle, nervous, or epithelial then it’s connective!
Ex: blood, bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, etc…
Very plastic in appearance and have many functions.

Pathology I (9 decks)

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