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BI 266 Plants > Tissues Chapter 4 (Week 2 Lecture 1) > Flashcards

Tissues Chapter 4 (Week 2 Lecture 1) Flashcards

1
Q

A ______ is a group of cells performing a similar function.

A

Tissue

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2
Q

Plants have three or four major groups of organs. They are _____.

A

Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers

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3
Q

What are the 2 tissue types?

A

Meristematic tissues, Tissues produced by meristems (permannent tissues)

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of MERISTEMATIC TISSUES?

A

apical meristem, lateral meristem, intercalary meristem

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5
Q

True or False: In meristematic tissues cells are actively divided, and new cells are typically small, six-sided, box-like structures.

A

True

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6
Q

True or False: In meristematic tissues cells have tiny or no vacuoles.

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: In meristematic tissues cells have a small nucleus located near the peripheral of the cell.

A

False, nucleus is large and central to the cell

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8
Q

True or False: As the cells mature, they assume different shapes and sizes related to their ultimate function.

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: As the cells mature, vacuole decreases in size.

A

False, mature cells often occupying more than 90% of the volume of the cell

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10
Q

Primary meristems develop from _____ _______.

A

Apical meristems

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11
Q

What are the 3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS?

A

Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

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12
Q

What tissue does the protoderm provide?

A

Epidermis

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13
Q

What tissue does the ground meristem provide?

A

Ground tissues

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14
Q

What tissues does the procambium provide?

A

Vascular tissue

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15
Q

_____ ______ absorb water and nutrients.

A

Root hairs

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16
Q

______ and ______ increase in length as the apical meristems produce new cells (primary growth).

A

Roots, Shoots

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the root cap?

A

Protects the root

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18
Q

Where are apical meristems found?

A

At the tips of roots and shoots

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19
Q

______ ______ produce secondary tissues that increase the girth of roots and stems (secondary growth).

A

Lateral meristems

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20
Q

The lateral meristem consists of the _____ cambium and the ______ cambium.

A

Vascular and Cork

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21
Q

True or False: The vascular cambium produces tissues that function primarily in support and conduction.

A

True

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22
Q

What is the vascular cambium composed of?

A

Thin cylinder of brick-shaped cells that extends the length of stems and roots

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23
Q

True or False: The cork cambium lies inside vascular cambium just inside the outer bark.

A

False, the cork cambium lies OUTSIDE vascular cambium just INSIDE the outer bark

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24
Q

What is the main function of the cork cambium?

A

Produces bark

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25
Q

What type of meristems do not have a vascular cambium or cork cambium?

A

Grasses and related plants, they have intercalary meristems.

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26
Q

Where are intercalary meristems located?

A

In vicinity of nodes (leaf attachment area)

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27
Q

What is the main function of intercalary meristems?

A

Add length to stem

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28
Q

What are the two types of permanent tissues that are produced by meristems?

A

Simple and complex tissues

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29
Q

Simple Tissues consist of only one kind of cell, they include ______, _______, and _______.

A

parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma

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30
Q

True or False: Parenchyma cells are thin, pliable walls, usually 14-sided at maturity, and have living cytoplasm, often containing large vacuoles and various secretions.

31
Q

True or False: Parenchyma cells may remain alive a long time and have no spaces between them.

A

False, parenchyma have spaces between them

32
Q

What are the two types of parenchyma tissues and cells?

A

Aerenchyma and chlorenchyma

33
Q

What is aerenchyma tissue and where is it found?

A

Parenchyma tissue with extensive connected air spaces, usually in aquatic plants for floating

e.g. water lily, aquatic plants, for floating

34
Q

What is chlorenchyma tissue and where is it found?

A

Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts that function in photosynthesis

eg. leaves, for photosynthesis

35
Q

If a plant does not have chloroplasts, what does the parenchyma function as?

A

They function mostly as food or water storage (eg, cactus),

eg. Edible part of fruits

36
Q

True or False: Collenchyma cells are living cytoplasm,

they may remain alive a long time, and cell walls thick with uneven thickness due to extra primary wall in cell.

37
Q

True or False: Collenchyma brittle and weak, thus providing no support.

A

False, They are pliable and strong, thus providing flexible support

38
Q

True or False: Sclerenchyma are thick, tough, secondary walls, normally impregnated with lignin.

39
Q

True or False: Sclerenchyma are alive at maturity and function in support.

A

False, they are dead at maturity and function in support

40
Q

What are the two types of sclerenchyma tissues?

A

Sclereids and fibers

41
Q

Sclereids are also known as ______ cells. They are ______ around in tissue and are as ______ as ______.

A

Stone, scattered, long, wide

42
Q

Fibres are longer than wide and contain ______ (tiny cavity).

43
Q

What are complex tissues?

A

Composed of two or more kinds of cells

44
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissues.

A

Xylem and phloem

45
Q

What is the main function of the xylem?

A

Chief conducting tissue for water and minerals that are absorbed by the roots

46
Q

What is the xylem composed of?

A

Parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids and ray cells

47
Q

True or False: They xylem is a living tissue.

A

False, the xylem is a dead tissue

48
Q

True or False: Vessel elements are dead at maturity and have thick secondary cell walls.

49
Q

True or False: Vessel elements are open at each end, but may have perforation plate and may have spiral thickenings on cell walls.

50
Q

What are tracheids?

A

Tapered at the ends with pairs of pits that allow water to pass from cell to cell

51
Q

What are pits?

A

Areas without secondary cell

52
Q

True or False: Tracheids are dead at maturity, have thick secondary cell walls, and may have spiral thickenings on cell walls.

53
Q

What is the main function of rays?

A

Function in lateral conduction and food storage

54
Q

What are rays composed of?

A

Composed of long-lived parenchyma cells

55
Q

What is the main function of the phloem?

A

Conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis throughout plant

56
Q

What is the phloem composed of?

A

Composed of sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma cells and ray cells

57
Q

True or False: Sieve tube members lack secondary cell walls and nuclei, and lay end to end to form sieve tubes.

58
Q

True or False: Sieve tube members have sieve plates with large pores.

A

False, have sieve plate with small pores

59
Q

What is the purpose of callose in sieve tube members?

A

Callose forms callus plug that prevents leaking of sieve tube contents when cell injured

60
Q

What is the function of companion cells?

A

Aid in conduction of food

61
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Protective layer that is one cell-layer thick covering all plant organs

62
Q

What is the epidermis composed of?

A

Composed mostly of parenchyma cells, guard cells of stomata, secretory glands and hairs

63
Q

What is cutin?

A

Fatty substance on the surface of outer walls of epidermis that forms cuticle

64
Q

What is the purpose of cuticle and wax?

A

Cuticle and wax prevent water loss by evaporation and also resistant to bacteria and other disease organisms

65
Q

What do root epidermal cells produce?

A

Root hairs, increase absorptive area of root surface

66
Q

Leaves have ______ bordered by pairs of _____ cells.

A

Stomata, guard cells

67
Q

What is the function of the periderm?

A

Replaces epidermis when cork cambium begins producing new tissue

68
Q

What does the periderm form?

A

Outer bark

69
Q

Periderm is primarily composed of _____ cells.

70
Q

True or False: The periderm is alive at maturity.

A

False, the periderm is dead at maturity

71
Q

While still alive, cytoplasm secretes ______ (fatty acid substance into walls that helps make the cork cells waterproof and helps protect the phloem.

72
Q

What are lenticels and what do they provide?

A

Loosely arranged pockets of parenchyma cells formed by cork cambium that allow for air circulation.

73
Q

What are 5 examples that secretory cells function as in plants?

A 
Flower nectar
Citrus oils
Glandular hair mucilage
Latex
Resins
74
Q

What are 4 examples of complex tissues in plants?

A

Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
Epidermis
Periderm
Secretory cells and tissues

BI 266 Plants (17 decks)

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