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BI 266 Plants > Roots Chapter 5 (Week 2 Lecture 2) > Flashcards

Roots Chapter 5 (Week 2 Lecture 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main functions of roots?

A

Anchor plants into soil
Absorption of water and minerals
Store food or water
Other specialized functions

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2
Q

Where does a root arise from?

A

embryonic root or radicle

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3
Q

A ______ root system belongs to monocots while a ______ root system belongs to dicots.

A

Fibrous, taproot

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4
Q

Why does a fibrous root plant not have a single large taproot?

A

Because the embryonic

root dies back when the plant is still young

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5
Q

______ roots are roots that arise from anything other than a radicle.

A

Adventitious (corn, poison ivy)

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6
Q

What are the four regions of the root? Order them from bottom to top.

A

Root cap
Region of cell division (apical meristem)
Region of cell elongation
Region of maturation

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7
Q

______ cells make up the root cap covering each root tip.

A

Parenchyma

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8
Q

Root cap functions in _____ (gravity perception).

A

gravitropism

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9
Q

True or False: The root cap secretes mucilage that acts as lubricant

A

True

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10
Q

The region of cell division is composed of what 3 meristematic areas?

A

Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

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11
Q

On average, how many times does the apical meristem cells divide per day?

A

Once or twice per day

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12
Q

True or False: The region of elongation does not merge with the apical meristem.

A

False, the region of elongation does merge with the apical meristem

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13
Q

If a cambium is present, how does increase in girth happen?

A

Through the addition of secondary tissues

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14
Q

What happens to tiny vacuoles during the region of elongation?

A

Tiny small vacuoles merge into 1 or 2 large vacuoles, occupying more than 90% of volume of each cell

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15
Q

What happens to cells during the region of maturation?

A

Cells differentiate into various distinctive cell types

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16
Q

The region of maturation consists of what 5 cell structures?

A 
Root hairs
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Vascular cylinder
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17
Q

What is the the function of root hairs?

A

Absorb water and minerals
Adhere tightly to soil particles
Increase total absorptive surface of root

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18
Q

How are root hairs formed?

A

Formed from epidermal cell extensions with thin cuticle

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19
Q

True or False: The cuticle does not exist on root but does on root hairs.

A

False, cuticle exists on root but not on root hairs

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20
Q

What cells is the cortex is made up of?

A

Parenchyma cells between epidermis and vascular cylinder

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21
Q

What is the main function of the cortex?

A

Mostly stores food

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22
Q

What cells is the endodermis is made up of?

A

Inner boundary of cortex, consisting of a single-layered cylinder of compact cells

23
Q

In the endodermis, cell walls with suberin bands called ______ ______ on radial and tangential walls

A

Casparian strips

24
Q

In the endodermis, eventually inner cell walls become thickened with suberin, except for ______ ______.

A

Passage cells

25
Q

What is the function of casparian strips?

A

Forces water and dissolved substances entering and leaving the central core to pass through endodermis
Regulates types of minerals absorbed

26
Q

Where is the pericycle located?

A

Outer boundary of vascular cylinder

27
Q

True or False: The pericycle stops dividing after it matures.

A

False, the pericycle continues to divide, even after mature

28
Q

What does the pericycle eventually form?

A

lateral (branch) roots and part of the vascular cambium

29
Q

Most of cells of ______ ______ are primary xylem or primary phloem

A

Vascular cylinder

30
Q

Where is the vascular cylinder located?

A

Lies inside endodermis

31
Q

Vascular cambium develops from parts of the ______
and other ______ cells between the xylem arms
and phloem patches in most dicots and conifers.

A

Pericycle, parenchyma

32
Q

______ ______ forms secondary phloem

to the ______ and secondary xylem to the ______.

A

Vascular cambium, outside, inside

33
Q

In dicots, the solid core of xylem are in the shape of “______” in cross section.

A

Arms

34
Q

In monocots, xylem surrounds the ______.

A

Pith

35
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

Growth that stops after an organ is fully expanded or after a plant has reached a certain size

36
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

New tissues are added indefinitely, season after season

37
Q

Starch and other carbohydrates like sweet potatoes have ______ ______ roots.

A

Food storage

38
Q

The pumpkin family, especially in arid regions have ______ ______ roots.

A

Water storage

39
Q

Fruit trees are an example of ______ ______ roots.

A

Propagative roots

40
Q

In propagative roots, the adventitious buds on roots develop into ______ (aerial stems)

A

Suckers

41
Q

What do pneumatophores function as?

A

Spongy roots that extend above the water’s surface and enhance gas exchange between atmosphere and subsurface roots

42
Q

Where are pneumatophores found?

A

In plants with roots growing in water (black mangrow)

43
Q

Orchids have aerial ______ roots, with epidermis several layers thick to reduce water loss.

A

Velamen

44
Q

Corn has aerial ______ roots to support plants in high wind.

A

Prop

45
Q

Aerial roots in ivies (English ivy, Virginia creeper) aid in what?

A

Plant climbing

46
Q

______ roots pull plants deeper into soil such as lily bulbs and dandelions.

A

Contractile

47
Q

______ roots have stability in shallow soil such as tropical tress

A

Buttress

48
Q

______ roots have no chlorophyll and are dependent on chlorophyll-bearing plants for nutrition such as dodder.

A

Parasitic

49
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

Fungi that form a mutualistic association with plant roots

50
Q

True or False: Both fungus and root benefit and are dependent upon association for normal development.

A

True, mutualistic association

51
Q

How does the mutualistic relationship work between fungi and roots?

A

Fungi facilitate absorption of water and nutrients, especially phosphorus for roots and the plant furnishes sugars and amino acids to fungus.

52
Q

______ ______ contain large number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

A

Root nodules

53
Q

What type of plants contain root nodules?

A

Legume family (Fabaceae)

54
Q

What are the 7 types of specialized roots?

A

Water storage, buttress, food storage, parasitic, pneumatophores, propagative, contractile

BI 266 Plants (17 decks)

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