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BI 266 Plants > Stems Chapter 6 (Week 3 Lecture 3) > Flashcards

Stems Chapter 6 (Week 3 Lecture 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stem?

A

Woody twig consists of an axis with attached leaves.

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2
Q

______ is the area of the stem where the leaves are attached.

A

Node

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of stems?

A

Alternate or spiral, opposite (attached in pairs), whorled (in groups of 3 or more)

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4
Q

______ is the stem region between the nodes.

A

Internodes

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5
Q

The Leaf has a flattened ______ and is usually attached to the twig by ______.

A

Blade, petiole

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6
Q

Where is the axil located?

A

Angle between petiole and stem

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7
Q

The ______ ______ will become branches or flowers in flowering plants.

A

Axillary bud

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8
Q

What protects the buds?

A

Bud scales

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9
Q

Where is the terminal bud located?

A

Twig tip

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10
Q

What is the main function of the terminal bud?

A

Growth makes the twig longer

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11
Q

What are stipules?

A

Paired, often leaf-like appendages at base of a leaf

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12
Q

______ trees and shrubs, lose all their leaves annually.

A

Deciduous

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13
Q

______ ______ mark food and water conducting tissue within leaf scars.

A

Bundle scars

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14
Q

What are lenticels?

A

Parenchyma cells in cork for exchange of gases

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15
Q

Cells produced by stem meristem become ______ system with branches and leaves.

A

Shoot

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16
Q

True or False: The apical meristem is dormant before growing season begins.

A

True

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17
Q

True or False: The apical meristem is protected by bud scales and by leaf primordia.

A

True

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18
Q

What is the leaf primordia?

A

Tiny embryonic leaves that develop into mature leaves

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19
Q

True or False: Leaf primordia and bud primordia develop into mature leaves and buds.

A

True

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20
Q

What are traces?

A

A strand of xylem and phloem

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21
Q

How is a leaf gap or bud gap formed?

A

Each trace leaves a gap filled with parenchyma in the cylinder of vascular tissue

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22
Q

True or False: The narrow band of cells between the primary xylem and primary phloem may become vascular cambium.

A

True

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23
Q

What is another name for cork cambium?

A

Phellogen

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24
Q

What does the cork cambium produce?

A

Cork cells with suberin – to the outside Phelloderm (parenchyma-like) cells – to the inside

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25
Q

What is the stele?

A

Central cylinder of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith (if present)

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26
Q

______ is the solid core, phloem surrounds xylem found in primitive seed plants, whisk ferns, club mosses and other ferns.

A

Protostele

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27
Q

______ is tubular with pith in center, commonly found in ferns.

A

Siphonsteles

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28
Q

______ are discrete vascular bundles in flowering plants and conifers.

A

Eusteles

29
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

Seed leaves attached to embryonic stems

30
Q

What is the function of cotyledons?

A

Store food needed by young seedling

31
Q

What is the difference in stem for monocots and eudicots?

A

In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered in the stem. In eudicots, vascular bundles are in a distinct ring

32
Q

______ are plants that die after going from seed to maturity within one growing season.

A

Annuals

33
Q

What are 3 common characteristics of annuals?

A

Usually green, herbaceous plants
Most monocots are annuals, but many dicots are also annuals.
Tissues largely primary

34
Q

Herbaceous dicots have discrete vascular bundles arranged in a ______.

A

Cylinder

35
Q

True or False: In herbaceous dicotyledons, the vascular cambium arises between primary xylem and primary phloem that adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

A

True

36
Q

Wood is ______ xylem.

A

Secondary

37
Q

One years growth of xylem of woody dicotyledonous stems is know as ______ ring.

A

Annual

38
Q

True or False: On woody dicotyledonous stems, the vascular cambium produces more secondary phloem than xylem.

A

False, vascular cambium produces more secondary xylem than phloem

39
Q

True or False: The annual ring on wood can indicated the climate during a tree’s liftetime.

A

True

40
Q

What are vascular rays?

A

Vascular rays are radial strands of parenchyma cells that function in lateral conduction of nutrients and water. Can be xylem rays or phloem rays

41
Q

Whys is spring wood light coloured?

A

Relatively large vessel elements of secondary xylem produced

42
Q

Why is summer wood dark coloured?

A

Fewer, smaller vessel elements in proportion to tracheids and fibers

43
Q

______ are protrusions of adjacent parenchyma cells into conducting cells of xylem.

A

Tyloses

44
Q

What is the older, darker wood in the centre?

A

Heartwood

45
Q

What is the lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to cambium wood?

A

Sapwood

46
Q

What is the function of tyloses?

A

Prevent conduction of water

47
Q

______ is the wood of conifers that has no fibres or vessel elements.

A

Softwood

48
Q

The wood of dicot trees is know as ______.

A

Hardwood

49
Q

What are resin canals?

A

Tube-like canals scattered throughout xylem and other tissues

50
Q

Where are resin canals common?

A

Common in conifers and in some tropical flowering plants

51
Q

______ is all tissues outside the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem

A

Bark

52
Q

True or False: Mature bark may consist of alternating layers of crushed phloem and cork.

A

True

53
Q

The ducts found mostly in phloem that have latex-secreting cells is known as ______.

A

Laticifers

54
Q

Laticifers are commonly found in what 3 items?

A

Rubber, chicle (chewing gum), morphine

55
Q

True or False: Monocots stems have neither a vascular cambium nor a cork cambium.

A

True

56
Q

True or False: Monocots produce secondary vascular tissues or cork.

A

False, They produce no secondary vascular tissues or cork

57
Q

True or False: In a typical monocot vascular bundle,

there are two large vessels with several small vessel.

A

True

58
Q

In monocot stems, the vascular bundle is surrounded by ______ of ______ cells.

A

sheath, sclerenchyma

59
Q

______ are horizontal stems that grow below-ground and have long to short internodes commonly found in irises, some grasses, and ferns.

A

Rhizomes

60
Q

______ are horizontal stems that grow above ground and have long internodes commonly found in strawberries.

A

Runners

61
Q

What are stolons?

A

A specialized stem produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions commonly found in potatoes

62
Q

______ are swollen, fleshy underground stems that store food in potatoes.

A

Tubers

63
Q

______ are large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at lower end that store food commonly found in onions, lilies, hyacinths, tulips.

A

Bulbs

64
Q

______ resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue, with papery leaves.

A

Corm

65
Q

What are cladophylls?

A

Flattened, leaf-like stems

commonly found in greenbriars, some orchids, prickly pear cactus

66
Q

True or False: In a living tree, 50% of the wood weight comes from water content.

A

True

67
Q

What percents of the dry part of wood are composed of cellulose and lignin.

A

60-75% cellulose and 15-25% lignin

68
Q

______ cut boards show annual rings in the side view.

A

Radially

69
Q

______ cut boards are cut perpendicular to rays and show annual rings as irregular bands of light and dark streaks.

A

Tangentially

BI 266 Plants (17 decks)

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