Tissues and Homeostasis

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

study of physical structure

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

how that physical structure functions

Question 3

adaptations

Answer 3

heritable traits that allow for increased survival and reproduction in a certain environment

Question 4

oryx adaptation

Answer 4

• live in high temperature fluctuation
• can extract more water from feces

Question 5

evolutionary trade-offs

Answer 5

energy allocated to one life function comes at a cost to another

Question 6

crickets mating

Answer 6

• if the male creates a larger gelatinous mass, it takes female longer to eat it
• male has more time to fertilize more offspring
• however, larger gelatinous mass takes more resources that cant be used for immune responses

Question 7

acclimation

Answer 7

phenotypic response to short-term changes in the environment

Question 8

acclimation is an adaptation

Answer 8

• some individuals tan better than others–some are better at acclimating to more sunlight than others
• ability to acclimatize is a genetically variable trait that can respond to natural selection

Question 9

structur:Function molecular vs cellular

Answer 9

• molecular
  
  • protein shape
    
    • enzyme
    • structural component
    • transporter
• cellular
  
  • specialization by internal structure
  • cell shape
    
    • transporter- lots of membranes for diffusion

Question 10

tissue

Answer 10

group of cells similar in structure and function that function as a unit

Question 11

types of tissues

Answer 11

• connective
• nervous
• muscle
• epithelial

Question 12

connective tissue

Answer 12

cells loosely arranged in a liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix

Question 13

types of connective tissue

Answer 13

• loose
  
  • soft extracellular matrix, provides padding
• dense
  
  • fibrous extracellular matrix, provides connections (tendon)
• supporting
  
  • firm extracellular matrix, structural support and protection (cartilage)
• fluid
  
  • liquid extracellular matrix, transport (blood)

Question 14

how to distinguish types of connective tissues

Answer 14

each type secretes a distinct type of extracellular matrix

Question 15

nervous tissue

Answer 15

consists of nerve cells called neurons and supporting cells

Question 16

dendrites

Answer 16

• highly branched, short processes
• contact other cells and transmit electrical signals from them to the cell body

Question 17

axon

Answer 17

• long
• carries electrical signals from cell body to other cells

Question 18

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 18

• skeletal
  
  • voluntary movement
  • long cells
• cardiac
  
  • branched cells
  • involuntary
• smooth muscle
  
  • tapered cells
  • involuntary–lines surfaces of organs and forms glands

Question 19

gland

Answer 19

organ that secretes specific molecules

Question 20

epithelial

Answer 20

• interface between external and internal environment
• transport water, nutrients and chemicals
• packed tightly–tight junctions and desmosomes
• polarity–sidedness

Question 21

apical side

Answer 21

faces away from other tissues

Question 22

basolateral side

Answer 22

faces the interior of the animal and connects to connective tissue

Question 23

organ system

Answer 23

groups of connective tissues and organs that work together to perform one or more function

Question 24

how is the organism as a whole greater than the sum of its parts

Answer 24

the structure and function of each component are integrated w/ the other components, and each level of organization is integrated w/ other levels of organization

Question 25

homeostasis

Answer 25

• constancy of internal state
  
  • temperature
  • ph
  • ions
  • glucose
  • water

Question 26

conformer

Answer 26

aspects of internal environment permitted to change w/ external environment

Question 27

regulator

Answer 27

internal environment is adjusted to maintain particular conditions

Question 28

benefits/costs of regulation

Answer 28

• benefits
  
  • can live in unsupportive environments
  • coordinate multiple organ systems
  • optimize enzyme functions
• costs
  
  • requires resoures
  • involves trade-offs (reqires energy)

Question 29

osmoregulation

Answer 29

• type of homeostasis
• ability to actively adjust internal water and solute contents
• epithelia–important

Question 30

osmoconformers

Answer 30

• allow certain aspects of their internal environment to change

Question 31

hypertonic–marine– environment

Answer 31

• fish under osmotic stress because they lose water and gain solutes
  
  • actively transport out electrolytes
  • drink water
• tradeoff between gas exchange and osmoregulation

Question 32

hypotonic–freshwater–environment

Answer 32

• gain water by osmois
  
  • no drinking
• lose electrolytes
  
  • gain electrolytes by active transport
• lots of dilute urine

Question 33

both salt and freshwater environments

Answer 33

• regulate location of chloride cells in gills
  
  • chloride cells import or secrete ions
• sea bass change orientation of na/cl/k transport proteins

Question 34

terrestrial

Answer 34

• similar to marine
• lose water to environment by evaporation
• conserve water by
  
  • anatomical
  • behavioral
  • diet
  • physiological

Question 35

hyponatremia

Answer 35

over-dilution of body fluids