Tissues and Homeostasis Flashcards
anatomy
study of physical structure
physiology
how that physical structure functions
adaptations
heritable traits that allow for increased survival and reproduction in a certain environment
oryx adaptation
- live in high temperature fluctuation
- can extract more water from feces
evolutionary trade-offs
energy allocated to one life function comes at a cost to another
crickets mating
- if the male creates a larger gelatinous mass, it takes female longer to eat it
- male has more time to fertilize more offspring
- however, larger gelatinous mass takes more resources that cant be used for immune responses
acclimation
phenotypic response to short-term changes in the environment
acclimation is an adaptation
- some individuals tan better than others–some are better at acclimating to more sunlight than others
- ability to acclimatize is a genetically variable trait that can respond to natural selection
structur:Function molecular vs cellular
- molecular
- protein shape
- enzyme
- structural component
- transporter
- protein shape
- cellular
- specialization by internal structure
- cell shape
- transporter- lots of membranes for diffusion
tissue
group of cells similar in structure and function that function as a unit
types of tissues
- connective
- nervous
- muscle
- epithelial
connective tissue
cells loosely arranged in a liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix
types of connective tissue
- loose
- soft extracellular matrix, provides padding
- dense
- fibrous extracellular matrix, provides connections (tendon)
- supporting
- firm extracellular matrix, structural support and protection (cartilage)
- fluid
- liquid extracellular matrix, transport (blood)
how to distinguish types of connective tissues
each type secretes a distinct type of extracellular matrix
nervous tissue
consists of nerve cells called neurons and supporting cells
dendrites
- highly branched, short processes
- contact other cells and transmit electrical signals from them to the cell body
axon
- long
- carries electrical signals from cell body to other cells
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal
- voluntary movement
- long cells
- cardiac
- branched cells
- involuntary
- smooth muscle
- tapered cells
- involuntary–lines surfaces of organs and forms glands
gland
organ that secretes specific molecules
epithelial
- interface between external and internal environment
- transport water, nutrients and chemicals
- packed tightly–tight junctions and desmosomes
- polarity–sidedness
apical side
faces away from other tissues
basolateral side
faces the interior of the animal and connects to connective tissue
organ system
groups of connective tissues and organs that work together to perform one or more function
how is the organism as a whole greater than the sum of its parts
the structure and function of each component are integrated w/ the other components, and each level of organization is integrated w/ other levels of organization
homeostasis
- constancy of internal state
- temperature
- ph
- ions
- glucose
- water
conformer
aspects of internal environment permitted to change w/ external environment
regulator
internal environment is adjusted to maintain particular conditions
benefits/costs of regulation
- benefits
- can live in unsupportive environments
- coordinate multiple organ systems
- optimize enzyme functions
- costs
- requires resoures
- involves trade-offs (reqires energy)
osmoregulation
- type of homeostasis
- ability to actively adjust internal water and solute contents
- epithelia–important
osmoconformers
- allow certain aspects of their internal environment to change
hypertonic–marine– environment
- fish under osmotic stress because they lose water and gain solutes
- actively transport out electrolytes
- drink water
- tradeoff between gas exchange and osmoregulation
hypotonic–freshwater–environment
- gain water by osmois
- no drinking
- lose electrolytes
- gain electrolytes by active transport
- lots of dilute urine
both salt and freshwater environments
- regulate location of chloride cells in gills
- chloride cells import or secrete ions
- sea bass change orientation of na/cl/k transport proteins
terrestrial
- similar to marine
- lose water to environment by evaporation
- conserve water by
- anatomical
- behavioral
- diet
- physiological
hyponatremia
over-dilution of body fluids
