Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Taxonomy
A
A naming system
2
Q
Phylogenetics
A
the study of evolutionary pattern
3
Q
Phylogeny
A
a diagram of evolutionary relationships
4
Q
Cladogram
A
phylogeny based on shared, derived characters
5
Q
Monophyletic clade
A
a unique set of taxa unified on shared, derived characters
6
Q
Phylogeny
A
evolutionary history of organisms
7
Q
Node
A
common ancestor point where species diverge
8
Q
Synapomorphy
A
Shared trait in two groups derived from common ancestor
9
Q
Outgroup
A
Taxon that diverged prior to the taxa that are the focus of the study
10
Q
Polytomy
A
Node that depicts an ancestral branch dividing into three or more descendant branches
11
Q
Homology
A
similarity in organisms due to common ancestry
12
Q
Monophyletic group
A
evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and all of its descendants
13
Q
Homologous Trait
A
Similar trait in two organisms derived from a common ancestor
14
Q
Homoplasy
A
- AKA Analagous Traits
- Similarity in organisms due to reasons other than common ancestry
15
Q
Polyphyletic group
A
Unnatural group that does not include the most recent common ancestor
16
Q
Analagous traits arise from _____________
A
- Convergent Evolution
- Evolution of a similar trait due to similar selection in each environment
17
Q
Paraphyletic group
A
a group that includes an ancestral population and some of its descendents but not all
18
Q
Parsimony
A
Minimizing of evolutionary changes in a tree
19
Q
All members of bacteria and archea are _________ and _________
A
- Unicellular, prokaryotic
- prokaryotes lack membrane-bound nucleus
20
Q
Prokaryotes are ________
Bacteria are ________
A
- paraphyletic
- monophyletic
21
Q
________ is a major source of oxygen we breathe
A
Cyanobacteria
22
Q
A
23
Q
Prokaryotes outnumber human body cells __:__
A
10:1
24
Q
Extremeophiles
A
- Bacteria or archaea that live in extreme habitats such as
- hydrothermal vents (hyperthermophile)
- ph<1 (acidophile)
- Saturated with salt (halophile)
25
Archea different from bacteria
* Archea have histones
* Archea don't have peptidoglycan
26
Prokaryotes are (diploid/haploid)
Haploid
27
Prokaryotes replicate by
Fission (asexual)
28
Endospores
* Resistant to heat and dehydration
* Valuable in changing environment-nutrient deprivation
* Not readily killed by antimicrobial treatments
* anthrax
29
Transformation
DNA from environment
30
Transduction
DNA from virus
31
Conjugation
Transfer DNA from one bacteria to another by touch
32
Lateral gene transfer
DNA transfer within and among species
33
Locomotion of bacteria
Flagella and gliding
34
What do organisms need to survive
* Energy to drive metabolic processes
* Carbon for structural and storage molecules
35
Chemoorganotrophs
oxidize organic molecule via cellular respiration or fermentation
36
Chemolithotrophs
oxidize inorganic molecules
N2, Nitrate, ammonia
37
Phototrpohs
use light energy to make ATP
38
Autotrophs
Manufacture their own carbon containing compounds
39
Heterotrophs
Live by consuming autotrophs
40
Source of metabolic diversity
lateral gene transfer
41
Germ Theory
* Bacteria cause infectious diseases
* Many gram-positive bacteria cause disease
42
Koch's postulates
1. microbe is present in sick individuals and absent from healthy
2. Microbe must be cultured out of the host
3. Injection of microbe in healthy individuals causes them to be sick
4. Microbe must be isolated from the newly sick individual, cultured, and shown to be identical to original microbe
43
Germ theory of disease
* Pattern: some diseases are infections
* PRocess: transmission and growth of a certain bacteria and viruses
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ laid foundation for modern medicine
* germ theory of disease
* greatest impact initially was on sanitation
45
antibiotics
molecules that kill bacteria
46
Bioremediation
* pollutant degradation via microbes
* Bacterial remediation: metabolizes pollutants
47
Ancient atmosphere---\> modern atmosphere
N2, CO2-----\> N2, CO2, O2
48
Cyanobacteria
* Photosynthetic
* first to perform oxygenic photosynthesis
49
Nitrogen fixation
N2---\>NH3
50
Purpose of enrichment cultures
isolate and characterize new bacteria and archaea
51
Direct sequencing
1. collect sample
2. isolate dna
3. amplify bacteria dna
4. sequence specific genes
52
Metagenomics
Compare dna fragments and sequences with known genes
53
metagenomic analysis allows biologists to:
identify and characterize organisms that have never been seen
54
What are protists
eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants or animals
55
Eukaryotic synapomorphies
* nucleus w/ an endomembrane system
* nuclear envelope
* ER
* Mitochondria
* Cytoskeleton
56
General protist characteristics
* No peptidoglycans in cell wall
* many unicellular some multicellular
* sexual/asexual
* DNA is linear and has histones
57
What enables protists to be larger
* Organelles
* Compartmentalize function
* increase surface area
58
Protists are a ________ group
paraphyletic
59
1 flagella
amoebozoa, fungi/animals
60
two flagella
* Excavata
* plantae
* rhizaria
* alveolata
* stramenopila
61
Organelle evolution
mitochondria and chloroplasts
62
endosymbiotic theory
* an anaeroic eukaryotic cell engulfs aerobic prokaryotic cell
* prokaryote is not digested
* mutualism begins
63
Evidence for endosymbiotic theory
* Processes observed today likely happened in the past
* endosymbiotic orgs
* anaerobic protists ingest bacteria
* observations about mitochondrial structure
* similar size and organization
* have own dna and ribosimes
* replicate by fission
64
Primary endosymbiosis started w/
Plantae ( red algae, green algae, land plants)
65
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes malaria
* plasmodium
* economic effects
66
Plasmodium
* alveolata (apicomplexa)
* Unicellular
* intracellular
* obligate parasite
* asexual/sexual
67
life cycle
sequence of developmental events occurring as an individual grows and reproduces
68
complex life cycle
development occurs in \>1 habitat
69
Brown Algae
* Clade: stramenopila
* characterized by
* unique photosynthetic pigments
* cell walls containing cellulose
* marine
* multicellular
* sessile/floating mats
70
sargasso sea consists of
vast mats of brown algae
71
brown algae reproduction
* not complex life cycle
* alternation of generations
* multicellular gametophyte: haploid, makes gametes
* multicellular sporophyte: diploid, makes spores
72
Marine carbon cycle
73
how might promoting phytoplankton blooms affect atmospheric CO2
They are primary producers so would absorb the CO2 and convert it to oxygen, lowering atmospheric CO2
74
Diatoms
* Clade: stramenopila
* Characterized by: silicon-rich shells w/ box and lid
* fresh and marine habitats
* inicellular-chains
* photosynthetic
* passive/gliding
75
diatom reproduction
* diploid-dominant
* no alt. of gen
* not complex
* sexual/asexual
76
How to ID protists
direct sequencing/metagenomics
77
Model organism
* dictyostelium discoideum
* cellular slime mold (amobozoa)
* characterized by: no cell wall and amorphous shape
* soil-living
* eat detritus
78
phagocytosis
* ingestion of bacteria or other material
* model org
* amoeboid movement
79
cellular slime mold reproduction
* Dictyostelium discoideum
* haploid-dominant
* sexual/asexual
* not complex
80
how the model org moves
slug formation
81
fungal characteristics
* eukaryotes
* multicellular
* cell walls w/ chitin
* heterotrophs
* terrestrial/aquatic
82
animals and fungi
* synthesize chitin
* flagella in chytrid spores and similar gametes to animals
* store food as glycogen
83
fungal bodies come in two forms
* yeasts
* mycelia
84
mycelia specialized for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
feeding
85
mycelia composed of \_\_\_\_\_
* hyphae
* filamentous and branching
* haploid and heterokaryotic
* compartmentalized by septa
86
mycelia secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
digestive enzymes
87
mycelia have high \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
surface area to volume ratio
88
fungal reproductive structure
* thick and flishy
* does not absorb food
89
chitrids
swimming gametes and spores
90
zygomycetes
zygosporangia: spore-producing structures formed when hyphae are yoked
91
basidia
club shaped cells where meiosis occurs and 4 spores form
92
ascomycetes
asci: sac-like cells where meiosis occurs and 8 spores form
93
fungal taxonomy
* based on dna sequence data
* work in progress
* polytomy
94
Ascomycota
* Sac fungi
* monophyletic
* distinguished by asci (sac-like spore producing structure)
95
ascomycota are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* non-lichen formers
* saprophytic
* parasitic
* some are ectomycorrhiza
96
ectomycorrhiza
form mutualism with roots of plants
97
lichen is
* cyanobacteria + ascomycota
* major food for caribou
* participate in soil production from rocks
98
basidiomycota
* club fungi
* monophyletic
* parasitic: rusts and smuts
* saprophytic
* ectomycorrhizal
* can be source of food/medicine
99
basidiomycota reproduction
* distinguished by spore formation in basidia
* asexual
* sexual
100
zygomycota
* parasitic Rhizopus
* saprophytic
* predatory
* some steroids/antibiotics
101
saprophytic
an organism that eats dead or decaying material
102
zygomycota reproduction
* distinguished by zygosporangia
* haploid hyphae yoke together
* sexual reproduction common
103
