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Bio 102 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

A naming system

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2
Q

Phylogenetics

A

the study of evolutionary pattern

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3
Q

Phylogeny

A

a diagram of evolutionary relationships

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4
Q

Cladogram

A

phylogeny based on shared, derived characters

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5
Q

Monophyletic clade

A

a unique set of taxa unified on shared, derived characters

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6
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of organisms

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7
Q

Node

A

common ancestor point where species diverge

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8
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared trait in two groups derived from common ancestor

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9
Q

Outgroup

A

Taxon that diverged prior to the taxa that are the focus of the study

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10
Q

Polytomy

A

Node that depicts an ancestral branch dividing into three or more descendant branches

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11
Q

Homology

A

similarity in organisms due to common ancestry

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12
Q

Monophyletic group

A

evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and all of its descendants

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13
Q

Homologous Trait

A

Similar trait in two organisms derived from a common ancestor

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14
Q

Homoplasy

A
  • AKA Analagous Traits
  • Similarity in organisms due to reasons other than common ancestry
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15
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

Unnatural group that does not include the most recent common ancestor

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16
Q

Analagous traits arise from _____________

A
  • Convergent Evolution
  • Evolution of a similar trait due to similar selection in each environment
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17
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

a group that includes an ancestral population and some of its descendents but not all

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18
Q

Parsimony

A

Minimizing of evolutionary changes in a tree

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19
Q

All members of bacteria and archea are _________ and _________

A
  • Unicellular, prokaryotic
    • prokaryotes lack membrane-bound nucleus
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20
Q

Prokaryotes are ________

Bacteria are ________

A
  • paraphyletic
  • monophyletic
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21
Q

________ is a major source of oxygen we breathe

A

Cyanobacteria

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Prokaryotes outnumber human body cells __:__

A

10:1

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24
Q

Extremeophiles

A
  • Bacteria or archaea that live in extreme habitats such as
    • hydrothermal vents (hyperthermophile)
    • ph<1 (acidophile)
    • Saturated with salt (halophile)
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25
Q

Archea different from bacteria

A
  • Archea have histones
  • Archea don’t have peptidoglycan
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26
Q

Prokaryotes are (diploid/haploid)

A

Haploid

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27
Q

Prokaryotes replicate by

A

Fission (asexual)

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28
Q

Endospores

A
  • Resistant to heat and dehydration
  • Valuable in changing environment-nutrient deprivation
  • Not readily killed by antimicrobial treatments
  • anthrax
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29
Q

Transformation

A

DNA from environment

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30
Q

Transduction

A

DNA from virus

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31
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer DNA from one bacteria to another by touch

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32
Q

Lateral gene transfer

A

DNA transfer within and among species

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33
Q

Locomotion of bacteria

A

Flagella and gliding

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34
Q

What do organisms need to survive

A
  • Energy to drive metabolic processes
  • Carbon for structural and storage molecules
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35
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

oxidize organic molecule via cellular respiration or fermentation

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36
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

oxidize inorganic molecules

N2, Nitrate, ammonia

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37
Q

Phototrpohs

A

use light energy to make ATP

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38
Q

Autotrophs

A

Manufacture their own carbon containing compounds

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39
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Live by consuming autotrophs

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40
Q

Source of metabolic diversity

A

lateral gene transfer

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41
Q

Germ Theory

A
  • Bacteria cause infectious diseases
  • Many gram-positive bacteria cause disease
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42
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. microbe is present in sick individuals and absent from healthy
  2. Microbe must be cultured out of the host
  3. Injection of microbe in healthy individuals causes them to be sick
  4. Microbe must be isolated from the newly sick individual, cultured, and shown to be identical to original microbe
43
Q

Germ theory of disease

A
  • Pattern: some diseases are infections
  • PRocess: transmission and growth of a certain bacteria and viruses
44
Q

_______ laid foundation for modern medicine

A
  • germ theory of disease
  • greatest impact initially was on sanitation
45
Q

antibiotics

A

molecules that kill bacteria

46
Q

Bioremediation

A
  • pollutant degradation via microbes
  • Bacterial remediation: metabolizes pollutants
47
Q

Ancient atmosphere—> modern atmosphere

A

N2, CO2—–> N2, CO2, O2

48
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • Photosynthetic
  • first to perform oxygenic photosynthesis
49
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

N2—>NH3

50
Q

Purpose of enrichment cultures

A

isolate and characterize new bacteria and archaea

51
Q

Direct sequencing

A
  1. collect sample
  2. isolate dna
  3. amplify bacteria dna
  4. sequence specific genes
52
Q

Metagenomics

A

Compare dna fragments and sequences with known genes

53
Q

metagenomic analysis allows biologists to:

A

identify and characterize organisms that have never been seen

54
Q

What are protists

A

eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants or animals

55
Q

Eukaryotic synapomorphies

A
  • nucleus w/ an endomembrane system
    • nuclear envelope
    • ER
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoskeleton
56
Q

General protist characteristics

A
  • No peptidoglycans in cell wall
  • many unicellular some multicellular
  • sexual/asexual
  • DNA is linear and has histones
57
Q

What enables protists to be larger

A
  • Organelles
    • Compartmentalize function
    • increase surface area
58
Q

Protists are a ________ group

A

paraphyletic

59
Q

1 flagella

A

amoebozoa, fungi/animals

60
Q

two flagella

A
  • Excavata
  • plantae
  • rhizaria
  • alveolata
  • stramenopila
61
Q

Organelle evolution

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

62
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A
  • an anaeroic eukaryotic cell engulfs aerobic prokaryotic cell
  • prokaryote is not digested
  • mutualism begins
63
Q

Evidence for endosymbiotic theory

A
  • Processes observed today likely happened in the past
    • endosymbiotic orgs
    • anaerobic protists ingest bacteria
  • observations about mitochondrial structure
    • similar size and organization
    • have own dna and ribosimes
    • replicate by fission
64
Q

Primary endosymbiosis started w/

A

Plantae ( red algae, green algae, land plants)

65
Q

_______ causes malaria

A
  • plasmodium
    • economic effects
66
Q

Plasmodium

A
  • alveolata (apicomplexa)
  • Unicellular
  • intracellular
  • obligate parasite
  • asexual/sexual
67
Q

life cycle

A

sequence of developmental events occurring as an individual grows and reproduces

68
Q

complex life cycle

A

development occurs in >1 habitat

69
Q

Brown Algae

A
  • Clade: stramenopila
  • characterized by
    • unique photosynthetic pigments
    • cell walls containing cellulose
  • marine
  • multicellular
  • sessile/floating mats
70
Q

sargasso sea consists of

A

vast mats of brown algae

71
Q

brown algae reproduction

A
  • not complex life cycle
  • alternation of generations
    • multicellular gametophyte: haploid, makes gametes
    • multicellular sporophyte: diploid, makes spores
72
Q

Marine carbon cycle

A
73
Q

how might promoting phytoplankton blooms affect atmospheric CO2

A

They are primary producers so would absorb the CO2 and convert it to oxygen, lowering atmospheric CO2

74
Q

Diatoms

A
  • Clade: stramenopila
  • Characterized by: silicon-rich shells w/ box and lid
  • fresh and marine habitats
  • inicellular-chains
  • photosynthetic
  • passive/gliding
75
Q

diatom reproduction

A
  • diploid-dominant
  • no alt. of gen
  • not complex
  • sexual/asexual
76
Q

How to ID protists

A

direct sequencing/metagenomics

77
Q

Model organism

A
  • dictyostelium discoideum
  • cellular slime mold (amobozoa)
  • characterized by: no cell wall and amorphous shape
    • soil-living
    • eat detritus
78
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • ingestion of bacteria or other material
  • model org
  • amoeboid movement
79
Q

cellular slime mold reproduction

A
  • Dictyostelium discoideum
  • haploid-dominant
  • sexual/asexual
  • not complex
80
Q

how the model org moves

A

slug formation

81
Q

fungal characteristics

A
  • eukaryotes
  • multicellular
  • cell walls w/ chitin
  • heterotrophs
  • terrestrial/aquatic
82
Q

animals and fungi

A
  • synthesize chitin
  • flagella in chytrid spores and similar gametes to animals
  • store food as glycogen
83
Q

fungal bodies come in two forms

A
  • yeasts
  • mycelia
84
Q

mycelia specialized for _______

A

feeding

85
Q

mycelia composed of _____

A
  • hyphae
    • filamentous and branching
    • haploid and heterokaryotic
    • compartmentalized by septa
86
Q

mycelia secrete ________

A

digestive enzymes

87
Q

mycelia have high ________

A

surface area to volume ratio

88
Q

fungal reproductive structure

A
  • thick and flishy
  • does not absorb food
89
Q

chitrids

A

swimming gametes and spores

90
Q

zygomycetes

A

zygosporangia: spore-producing structures formed when hyphae are yoked

91
Q

basidia

A

club shaped cells where meiosis occurs and 4 spores form

92
Q

ascomycetes

A

asci: sac-like cells where meiosis occurs and 8 spores form

93
Q

fungal taxonomy

A
  • based on dna sequence data
  • work in progress
  • polytomy
94
Q

Ascomycota

A
  • Sac fungi
  • monophyletic
  • distinguished by asci (sac-like spore producing structure)
95
Q

ascomycota are _________

A
  • non-lichen formers
    • saprophytic
    • parasitic
    • some are ectomycorrhiza
96
Q

ectomycorrhiza

A

form mutualism with roots of plants

97
Q

lichen is

A
  • cyanobacteria + ascomycota
    • major food for caribou
    • participate in soil production from rocks
98
Q

basidiomycota

A
  • club fungi
  • monophyletic
  • parasitic: rusts and smuts
  • saprophytic
  • ectomycorrhizal
  • can be source of food/medicine
99
Q

basidiomycota reproduction

A
  • distinguished by spore formation in basidia
    • asexual
    • sexual
100
Q

zygomycota

A
  • parasitic Rhizopus
  • saprophytic
  • predatory
  • some steroids/antibiotics
101
Q

saprophytic

A

an organism that eats dead or decaying material

102
Q

zygomycota reproduction

A
  • distinguished by zygosporangia
    • haploid hyphae yoke together
    • sexual reproduction common
103
Q
A

Bio 102 (8 decks)

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