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Bio 102 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

green algal sister clade to land plants

A

stoneworts

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2
Q

how are stoneworts different from other green algae

A
  • prominent, multicellular gametangia
    • calcium carbonate crusts
    • dominated by multicellular haploid individuals
    • 5-15cm in length
    • food for fish/geese
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3
Q

angiosperms include

A

monocots and eudicots

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4
Q

problems had to be overcome living on land

A
  • desiccation
  • structural support
  • move h20 and nutrients
  • disseminate gametes
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5
Q

land plants are distinguished from gleen plants by:

A
  • terrestrial
  • cuticle w/ pores ( most have stomata)
  • alt. of generations
  • retention of embryos
  • thick-walled spores
  • complex gametangia
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6
Q

Desiccation land vs water

A
  • water-larger leaves=more photosynthesis
  • land-larger leaves=more evaporation
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7
Q

cuticle w/ pores/stomata does:

A

regulates water and gas exchange in terrestrial environments

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8
Q

Evolutionary changes in the water conducting cells of the vascular tissue enabled plants to:

A
  • grow larger
  • be farther from water
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9
Q

sporopollenin

A

water tight material covering pollen/spores

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10
Q

problems w/ land plat reproduction

A
  • getting gametes together
  • protecting and disseminating
  • Protecting embryo
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11
Q

what land plants have swimming sperm

A

mosses and ferns

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12
Q

gametangia

A

protected structures that produce gametes

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13
Q

gametangia for sperm

A

antheridium

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14
Q

gametangia for eggs

A

archegonium

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15
Q

what do gametangia do

A

protect gametes from desiccation and damage

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16
Q

2 critical innovations for land plant reproduction

A
  • offspring retention
  • gametangia
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17
Q

gametophyte dominant

A
  • (n)
    • bryophytes (moss)
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18
Q

sporophyte dominant

A
  • 2n
    • pteridophytes (ferns)
    • Gymnosperms (conifers)
    • Anthophyta (flowering plts)
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19
Q

body plan

A

describes an organism’s architecture

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20
Q

Meristem

A
  • role in growth
  • divide rapidly by mitosis
  • undifferentiated
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21
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • versatile and abundant
  • living when mature
  • totipotent
  • sites of
    • photosynthesis (leaves)
    • carbohydrate storage (roots)
    • nutrient transport (phloem)
  • important for wound repair and some growth
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22
Q

callus

A

undifferentiated cells

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23
Q

collenchyma & sclerenchyma ____________

A

provide support

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24
Q

Collenchyma

A
  • living when mature
  • thickened cell walls–bend and stretch
  • support young stems and leaves
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25
Q

sclerenchyma

A
  • support after growth ceases
  • dead when mature (no cytoplasm)
  • hollow cells
  • in mature plants–2º cell walls w/ lignin
  • xylem: tracheids & vessel elements
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26
Q

Tissue

A

group of simillar cells functioning together as a unit

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27
Q

4 plant tissues

A
  1. meristem
  2. epidermis
  3. ground tissue (mesophyll)
  4. vascular tissue
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28
Q

meristem

A

Initially meristematic, differentiates into parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma

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29
Q

epidermis

A
  • covers entire plant
    • protects
    • control flow in/ out of plant
  • composed of parenchyma
    • stomates: guard cells
    • secretes cuticle
  • trichomes​
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30
Q

trichomes

A
  • defense
  • temperature regulation
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31
Q

mesophyll

A
  • plant ‘bulk’
    • parenchyma
    • collenchyma
    • sclerenchyma
  • functions:
    • photosynthesis
    • carbohydrate storage
    • support
    • make/release
      • hormones
      • pigments
      • defensive toxins
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32
Q

vascular tissue: _________

A

xylem and phloem

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33
Q

vascular tissue

A
  • localized conducting tissue
  • transport water& nutrients (root to shoot)
  • support structure:
    • vessel elements
    • tracheids
  • dead at maturity” no membranes & conduct fluid
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34
Q

tracheids

A
  • pits-holes in 2°cell wall
  • h2O moves vertically and laterally through pits
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35
Q

vessel elements

A
  • perforations- lack 1° and 2° cell wall
  • less resistance: width and perforation
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36
Q

phloem structure

A
  • sieve-tube members and companion cells
    • parenchyma, some sclerenchyma for support
  • sieve tube: few organelles
  • companion cells-many organelles
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37
Q

phloem structure

A

transport sugar, hormones, amino acids, toxins

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38
Q

the root system _________

A

stabilizes plants and aquires nutrients

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39
Q

root structure

A
  • modular
  • high surface area:volume ratio
  • long
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40
Q
  • rhizods _______ vascular tissue
  • true roots_______ vascular tissue
A
  • no
  • have
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41
Q
  • cacti have _________roots
  • pines have ________ roots
A
  • shallow, wide-spreading
  • deep
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42
Q

storage root function

A

carbs: carrot- fuels reproduction

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43
Q

prop roots function

A

anchorage: corn-adventitious- stem origin

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44
Q

aerial roots function

A

gas exchange: mangrove

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45
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

change phenotype depending on environment

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46
Q

indeterminate growth

A

grow throughout life

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47
Q

dynamic growth

A

growth to areas of high nutrients (roots)

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48
Q

Root

A
  • Eudicot
    • oak, maple, roses
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49
Q

Root

A
  • Monocot
    • Grass, wheat
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50
Q

shoot system provides ______ & ________

A

support and circulation

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51
Q

rhizome

A
  • continuously growing horizontal underground stem
    • pterophyta
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52
Q

node

A

point where plant branches

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53
Q

internode

A

segment between two nodes

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54
Q

axillary bud

A

bud that grows from axil of a leaf ( where branches out)

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55
Q

types of modified stems

A
  • water-storage structure
  • stolons
  • rhizomes
  • tubers
  • thorns
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56
Q

stolons

A

stems growing horizontally along soil surface, creating new plants at each node

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57
Q

tuber

A

underground, swollen rhizomes that store carbs

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58
Q

thorns

A

protect plants from large herbivores

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59
Q

stem

A

eudicot

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60
Q

stem

A

monocot

monkey face

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61
Q

lateral bud

A
  • forms leaves
  • off branch
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62
Q

petiole

A

stalk that connects to blade of a leaf

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63
Q

function of compound leaves

A

(doubly compound) large but rarely damaged by wind/rain

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64
Q

needle function

A

adapted to v hot/cold climates

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65
Q
A
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66
Q

parallel veins

A

monocot

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67
Q

branching veins

A

eudicot

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68
Q

growth direction and shape via

A

direction of cell vision and direction of cell enlargement

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69
Q

Apical meristems

A
  • root and shoot tips
  • lengthens plant
  • herbaceous growth
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70
Q

lateral meristems

A
  • rings along roots and shoots
  • widens plant
  • woody growth
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71
Q

primary growth

A

increased length

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72
Q

primary root growth

A

ensures access to water and nutrients

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73
Q

root cap

A
  • protects root meristem
  • contionously sloughed off
  • secretes mucigel
  • senses gravity
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74
Q

mucigel

A
  • slimy polysaccharide that covers the root cap
    • protects, prevents desiccation
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75
Q

modular architecture of stems

A
  • terminal bud
  • bud scale
  • bud scale scars
  • nodes
  • internodes
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76
Q

min plant age determined by

A

counting bud scale scars

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77
Q

xylem ray

A

lateral transport (parenchyma)

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78
Q

cork

A

bark (protection)

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79
Q

cork cambium

A

adds cells to outside

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80
Q

vascular cambium

A

adds some cells to ouside and many to inside

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81
Q

secondary growth

A

increases plant width

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82
Q

vascular cambium and cork cambium produce _______ and _______

A

wood and bark

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83
Q

lateral meristems

A
  • cork cambium
    • bark
  • vascular cambium
    • wood
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84
Q

heartwood

A

old secondary xylem

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85
Q

sapwood

A

secondary xylem transporting water

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86
Q

dormancy

A

when vascular cambium stops growing

87
Q

growth rings

A

hanges in secondary xylem cell size and wall thickness

88
Q

water & nutrients abundant →

A

thin cell walls/big cells

89
Q

water & nutrients decrease →

A

thick cell walls/small cells

90
Q

phenology

A

study of the ways in which aspects of biological events such as reproduction, growth are affected by climate

91
Q

osmosis

A

a.diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

92
Q

transpiration

A
  • water loss from aerial plant parts
  • water replaced from roots in passive process
93
Q

water potential

A

tendency of water to move by osmosis

94
Q

solute potential

A

tendency for h2o to move as a result of different solute concentrations

95
Q

Pressure potential (ψp)

A
  • tendency of water to move in response to pressure
    • turgor (+)
    • wall(-)
96
Q

Water potentials are ______

A
  • dynamic
    • weather (temp&humidity)
    • soil conditions
  • highest in soil, lowest in atmosphere
97
Q

Turgor

A
  • provides structure
  • presence of wasll pressure
  • sells resist continued influx of water due to osmosis
98
Q

plasmolysis

A
  • extreme wilting
  • loss of water due to osmosis
99
Q

symplastic route

A

water enter via plasmodesmata

100
Q

transmembrane route

A

water enters via water channels

101
Q

apoplastic route

A

water enters w/in porous cell walls

102
Q

endodermal role in root pressure

A
  • night: stomates close
  • epidermal cell actively pumps ions into xylem
  • xylem water potential decreases
  • root pressure not sufficient to account for movement of water from roots to leaf crown
103
Q

capillarity

A

short distance transport

104
Q

surface tension

A

pulls water up to minimize air-water interface

105
Q

adhesion

A

water attracted to glass is pulled up

106
Q

cohesion

A

holds water molecules tight together

107
Q

cohesion tension theory

A
  1. 1.ψ leaf > ψ air
  2. transpiration
  3. cohesion pulls h2o up xylem
108
Q

adaptations to prevent water loss

A
  1. close stomata and limit co2 intake
    • photosynthesis-transpiration compromise
  2. increase co2 in leaves to limit when stomata are open
    • cam/c4
109
Q

morphological traits to prevent water loss

A
  • stomata on underside of leaf
  • sunken stomata w/ hairs
  • thick cuticle
  • decrease leaf surface area
110
Q

Translocation

A

sugar transport

111
Q

sources

A
  • summer: leaves
  • spring: root storage
112
Q

sinks

A
  • summer:
    • meristems
    • seeds
    • fruit
    • root storage
  • spring
    • developing leaves
113
Q

sugars move through cells in

A

phloem tissue

114
Q

pressure-flow hypothesis

A
  • sugars transported by turgor pressure gradient
  • companion cells move sugars into sieve tube members
115
Q

phloem loading is a(n) ___________

A
  • active process
    • invloves proton pumps
    • pumps concentrated sugar in campanion cell
116
Q

proton-sucrose symporter

A

pumps sucrose and protons inside companion cell

117
Q

phloem unloading

A
  • active into roots
    • secondary active transport across tonoplast requires proton gradient
    • into vacuole
  • passive into leaves
118
Q

Living on land requires changes in:

A
  • control water transport and retention
  • reproduction
119
Q

embryophytes

A

early development supported by parent

120
Q

antheridia→

121
Q

archegonia→

122
Q

gametes develop within and are protected by _________

123
Q

gametangia

A

all plants except angiosperms

124
Q

homosporous

A
  • single type of spore develop
  • nonvascular plants (mosses)
125
Q

gemma cups

A

cuplike structures holding gametes

126
Q

pollen

A
  • reduced male gametophyte
  • surrounded by sporopollenin
  • sperm no longer need water to be disperesed
127
Q

seeds

A
  • nourish and protect the embryo
  • facilitate embryo dispersion
128
Q

microsporangia→_______→__________→_______

A

microspores→male gametophyte→sperm

129
Q

megasporangia→_______→__________→_______

A

megaspores→female gametophyte→eggs

130
Q

archegonia (gametangia) in gymnosperms

A

produce egg cells and sites of fertilization

pollen grain

131
Q

flowers found on

A

angiosperms

132
Q

flower function

A
  • reproductive organ
  • promote pollination by animal vectors (pollinators)
    • flower shapes
    • colors
    • taste
133
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid evolutionary diversification

134
Q

angiospersm underwent __________

A

adaptive radiation

135
Q

monocots have ______ cotyledon

136
Q

dicots have __ cotyledon

137
Q

cotyledon

A

embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants

138
Q

vascular tissue _______ throughout monocot stem

139
Q

vascular tissue ______ throughout dicot stem

140
Q

monocot vein

141
Q

dicot vein

142
Q

angiosperm reproduction

A
  • asexual
  • mitosis
  • produces genetic clones
143
Q

angiosperm reproductive structure

A
  • rhizomes
  • corms
  • plantlets
144
Q

corm

A

rounded underground storage organ

145
Q

plantlet

A

young or small plants

146
Q

sexual reproduction in angiospersm resembles gymnosperms except

A
  • flower facilitate pollination
  • double fertilization
    • embryo (2n) and endosperm (3n)
147
Q

flower

A

modified leaves that promote fertilization

148
Q

petal

A
  • colorful whorl
  • signal to pollunator
  • may contain nector
149
Q

sepal

A
  • outermost whorl
    • protection
150
Q

stamen

A
  • male reproductive structure
151
Q

anther

A

contans microsporangia

152
Q

male gametophyte

153
Q

filament

A

holds anther in place

154
Q

tube cell

A

produces pollen tube

155
Q

generative cell

A

produce sperm

156
Q

carpel

A

contains female reproductive structures

158
Q

monoecious

A

on same plant

159
Q

dioecious

A

on separate plants

160
Q

Pollination

A

gametophytes are brought together

161
Q

vectors

A
  • transport pollen
    • abiotic-wind/water
    • biotic-birds/bees
162
Q

Pollination syndromes

A

groups of flower characteristics associated w/ certain pollinators

163
Q

self-incompatibility purpose

A

promote out-crossing and prevent self-fertilization

164
Q

germination

A
  • pollen tube delivers sperm to the ovule
  • generative cell (n) to 2 sperm nucleu (n)
  • sperm released into embryo sac (female gametophyte)
165
Q

female gametophyte

A

embryo sac

166
Q

fertilization

A
  • embryo sac contains:
    • 1 egg
    • 2 polar nuclei
167
Q

double fertilization

A
  • sperm + egg=zygote
  • sperm+ polar nuclei = cell (3n) -> endosperm (starch)
168
Q

fruit is ______

A
  • ovary tissue
    • protection
    • dispersal
  • develops from flower ovary
169
Q

essential nutrients

A
  • required for growth&reproduction
  • cannot be made by plant
  • role: specific structural or metabolic function
  • ID and studied using hydroponic cultures
170
Q

macronutrients

A
  • building blocks
  • large quantities
  • C,O,H
  • chlorophyl
  • activates enzymes
171
Q

micronutrients

A
  • small quantities
  • Cl,Fe,Mn
  • enzyme cofactors
172
Q

Limiting nutrient

A

growth/development controlled by availability

N,P,K

173
Q

Essential nutrients come from

A
  • Soil
  • Decomposition
    • organic (humus)
  • weathering
    • inorganic component (rock)
174
Q

soil characteristics affect:

A
  • root penetration
  • nutrient availability
  • oxygen and water availability
175
Q

cation-exchange

A

positively charged minerals become available after being displaced by H+ in soil

176
Q

mycorrhizal fungi

A

collect nutrients and supply to plants

177
Q

roots (nutrient uptake)

A

absorption occurs at zone of maturation

transport proteins/ions

178
Q

proton gradient operates w/in roots

A
  • proton pumps establish electrochemical gradient
  • cations enter root hairs via channels
  • anions enter root hairs via cotransporters
179
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds by microbes (rhizobium)

180
Q

adaptations for nutrient uptake

A
  • epiphytes
  • parasite
  • carnivores
181
Q

Tropism

A

turning of all or part of an org in particular direction in response to an external stimulus

182
Q

Signal transduction

A
  • converts external signal into an internal signal
  • characteristics
    • energy conversion
    • involves phosphorylation
    • results in amplified affect
183
Q

internal signal forms

A
  • transcription
  • ion flow
  • translation
184
Q

light detection

A

plants detect diff wavelengths resulting in diff responses

185
Q

Phototropism

A

movement in response to light

186
Q

plants positively phototrophic toward _______ light

187
Q

what part of plant detects light

188
Q

phototropins

A
  • detect blue light and afect phototropism
    • located in shoot tip
    • pigment receptor coded by PHOT1 gene
189
Q

hormone involved in phototropic response

190
Q

auxin characteristics

A
  • small, diffusible compound
  • amplified effect
  • critical role in plant responses
191
Q

. Redistribution hypothesis

A

auxin causes stem elongation,

distributed to outer side of plant

192
Q

Acid-Growth Hypothesis

A
  • proton pumps acidify cell wall
  • cell wall loosens and ions move into cell, [solute] up
  • water enters by osmosis & turgor pressure up
193
Q

Gravitropism

A
  • movement in response to gravity
  • sensor: root cap
  • receptors detect changes in position
  • respond w/ changes in auxin concentrations
194
Q

statolith hypothesis

A
  • starch-storing amyloplasts respond to gravity and provide positional info to root tip
  • amyloplasts pulled to bottom of cells by gravity and avtivate pressure receptors
195
Q

Auxin has _____ effect in roots

196
Q

Apical dominance

A
  • growth pattern restricted to main stems
    • lateral buds dormant
    • absense of apical bud, lateral bud grow
197
Q

auxin in apical dominance

A

continuous polar flow from the tips of growing shoots to the tissues below signals the direction of growth

198
Q

Two hormones initiate growth in changing environmental conditions

A
  • gibberellins
  • ABA
199
Q

ABA

A
  • inhibits seed germination
200
Q

gibberellins

A
  • turn on growth and embryo development
  • activate a-amylase (digestive enztme that releases sugar to developming embryo)
201
Q

ABA does what w/ stomata

A
  • closes guard cells
  • transported to leaf and overrides signal of blue light
202
Q

how does ABA close guard cells

A

stops proton pumps, h2o and ions exit

203
Q

Senescence

A

regulated aging process

204
Q

ethylene

A
  • associated w/
    • fruit ripening
    • flower fading
    • leaf abscission
205
Q

ethylene does what for ripening process

A
  • induces production of enzymes required for
    • starch converted to sugar
    • cell walls degraded
    • chlorophyll broken down
    • pigments/aromas produced
206
Q

constitutive defenses

A
  • constantly produced
    • cuticle
    • secondary compounds
207
Q

bioprospecting

A
  • discover new uses for plants
    • ex malaria
  • is lab and field endeavor
  • hydroponic growth
  • ethnobotanists
208
Q

Induced defenses

A

produced in response to threat

209
Q

hypersensitive response

A
  • fast, localized response to infection
  • infected cells self-destruct
    • phytoalexin produced to fight pathogen
    • cell walls change to seal off infection
    • methyl salicylate produced
210
Q

SAR

A
  • systematic aquired resistance
  • hypothesized role of methyl salicylate
  • long rage, aquired signal for plant to protect itself
211
Q

proteinase inhibitors

A

interfere w/ digestion

212
Q

army worm

A
  • signal transduction pathyway
  • jasmonic acid signals proteinase inhibitors and volatiles to be made
213
Q

latex

A
  • effect heart function in vertebrates
  • catarpillars eat and make butterflies toxic
214
Q

casparian strip

A
  • waxy layer containing suberin
    • a water repellant substance that prevents movement of water and ions into vascular tissue

Bio 102 (8 decks)

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