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Bio 102 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

animals

A
  • multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs
  • unique tissues for impulse control and movement: nerves&muscles
    • except sponges
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2
Q

life history

A

pattern of development & growth from inception to maturity

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3
Q

animal life history

A
  • sexual reproduction
  • diploid
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4
Q

gastrulation

A

The process in which the embryo develops into a gastrula following blastulation

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5
Q

gastrula

A

an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure

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6
Q

blastula

A

embryo that is a hollow ball of cells

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7
Q

archenteron

A
  • cavity of an embryo at the gastrula stage.
  • develps into the gut
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8
Q

blastopore

A

opening of the central cavity of the gastrula

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9
Q

germ layers

A
  • ectoderm-originates from outer layer of germ cells
  • endoderm-innermost layer
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10
Q

direct development

A

development without a metamorphosis

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11
Q

indirect development

A

metamorphosis

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12
Q

hox genes

A
  • specific 180 nucleotide-long sequence
  • cnidarians->humans
  • determine
    • cell identity
    • developmental pathways of cells
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13
Q

hox genes tell cells ________

A

where and when to divide

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14
Q

animals are ________

A
  • monophyletic
  • Protometazoan resembled choanoflagellate protist
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15
Q

Body plan

A
  • body oranization
    • embryonic germ layers
    • symmetry and cephalization
    • segmentation
    • appendage# and form
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16
Q

___________ have helped us understand animal history

A

fossil deposits

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17
Q

Why did diversification happen so fast

A
  • ecological reasons
    • predator-prey relationship
  • geologic
    • increasing o2 levels
  • genetic causes-hox gene
    • duplication and divergence
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18
Q

phylum porifera

A
  • common name: sponges
  • no tissues
  • assymetry
  • one to many structural cavity, no true body cavity
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19
Q

porifera organ systesm

A

support from gelatinous mesoglea

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20
Q

porifera special cells

A
  • choanocytes–food capture
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21
Q

porifera feeding

A
  • fliter feeding
  • no digestive organs
  • intracellular digestion only
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22
Q

porifera reproduction

A
  • sexual
    • hermaphrodites
    • sperm dispersed into water
    • external fertilization
    • zygotes develop into mobile larva
      • planktonic larval stage
  • asexual
    • fission
    • fragmentation
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23
Q

porifera ecological niches

A
  • primary consumer
  • planktivore
  • rarely eaten
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24
Q

porifera habitat

A

aquatic (mostly marine)

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25
Q

phylum cnidaria

A

common name: jellies, corals, anemones, hydroids

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26
Q

cnidaria tissues?

A
  • yes, diploblastic
  • ectoderm and endoderm
  • mesoglea between
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27
Q

cnidaria symmetry

A

radial

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28
Q

cnidaria cavities

A

one–gastrovascular

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29
Q

cnidaria organ systems

A

mouth and tentacles

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30
Q

cnidaria special cells

A
  • cnidocyte
    • stinging cells of jellyfish
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31
Q

cnidaria feeding

A
  • suspension feeding
  • mass feeding
  • photoautotropic symbionts
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32
Q

cnidaria reproduction

A
  • budding, fission, fragmentation
  • sexual w/ external fertalization
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33
Q

cnidaria habitat/echological niches

A
  • freshwater, marine
  • planktonic (drifting)
  • or benthic (bottom-living)
  • corals may be solitary or reef-building
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34
Q

coral bleaching

A
  • coral ejects algae that causes color
  • CO2 in atmosphere is absorbed in ocean and makes water more acidic by creating carbonic acid
  • changes in ocean chemistry can disrupt entire food web
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35
Q

why study protosomes?

A
  • major ecologic consumers
  • medical models
  • economic impact
  • diversity
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36
Q

bilatarian synapomorphies

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • cephalization
  • triploblasty (+mesoderm)
  • coelom variously developed
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37
Q

coelom

A
  • fluid-filled body cavity
  • contributes to ‘tube w/in a tube’ body plan
  • lined by mesoderm
  • distinct from gut
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38
Q

coelomate

A
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39
Q

acoelomate

A
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40
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

pseudocoelom surrounded by muscle layer

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41
Q

coelom function

A
  • cushion (protection)
  • spaces for organs
  • isolate simultaneous body functions
  • hydrostatic skeleton
    • fluid filled cavity against which muscles can contract
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42
Q

Bilaterians are divided into two lineages based on

A
  • blastopore fate
  • coelom development
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43
Q

Lophotrochozoa characteristics

A
  • clade w/in protostomes
  • protosomes
  • synapomorphy-genetic sequences —hox genes and rRNA
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44
Q

lophophore

A

a horseshoe-shaped structure bearing ciliated tentacles around the mouth in some lophotrochozoa

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45
Q

phylum platyhelminthes

A

flatworms, master parasites

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46
Q

platyhelminthes synapomorphy

A

genetic sequences

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47
Q

platyhelminthes habitat

A

aquatic and animal bodies

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48
Q

platyhelminthes cavity

A

gastrovascular/no cavity

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49
Q

platyhelminthes coelom?

A

acoelomate

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50
Q

Platyhelminthes reproduction

A
  • sexual
    • internal fertilization
    • oviparous
  • asexual
    • parthenogenic
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51
Q

parasite adaptation

A
  • small size & more surface area
  • absorption of nutrients across body wall
  • very high fertility
  • complex lifecycles w/ intermediate host
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52
Q

phylum rotifera

A
  • “wheel animals”
  • tiny aquatic predators
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53
Q

rotifera Synapomorphies

A
  • trophi
  • aquatic–marine/fresh
  • v tiny
  • pseudocoelom
  • complete digestive tract
  • sexual and asexual (parthenogenic)
54
Q

parthenogenic

A

embryo develops fron unfertilized egg

55
Q

trophi

A

muscular throat w/ jaws

‘toes’ w/ adhesive glands

56
Q

why study rotifera

A
  • scientific model for longevity (cryptobiosis)
  • some species have no males
  • primary consumers
57
Q

cryptobiosis

A

a physiological state in which metabolic activity is reduced to an undetectable level without disappearing altogether

58
Q

phylum Annelida

A
  • segmented worms are ecosystem engineers
  • earthworms, bristle/fan worms, leeches
59
Q

Annelida synapomorphy

A
  • >=1 pair chitinous setae (chitae)
  • mostly marine, some freshwater/damp soil
  • coelom
  • segmented and metameric
  • complete digestive tract
  • sexual(hermaphrodites) and asexual
  • Trochophore larvae
60
Q

Trochophore larvae

A

the planktonic larva having a roughly spherical body, a band of cilia, and a spinning motion

61
Q

metameric

A

having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure, though not all such structures are entirely alike in any single life form b/c all carry out diff functions

62
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A
  • greatest diversity in body plan variants
63
Q

mollusca synampomorphies

A
  • shell-secreting mantle
  • scraping radula
  • muscular, clinging foot
  • mostly marine, few fresh/terrestrial
  • coeomate
  • trochophore larvae
  • sexual reproduction
    • hermaphrodites
    • separate sexes
64
Q

hermaphrodite

A

animal having both male and female sex organs

65
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A
  • chromatophores: cells that enable rapid color changes used for camoflage and communication
  • phylum mollusca
66
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A
  • roundworms
  • pseudocoelom
  • support: hydrostatic skeleton
  • thin, translucent cuticle
    • impervious to digestive enzymes
    • can only lengthen/shorten body. no muscles to thicken or thin
67
Q

nematoda limbs/segmentation

A
  • no limbs
  • no segmentation
68
Q

nematoda habitat/ecology

A
  • terrestrial,marine,freshwater
    • few endoparasitic on humans&pets
  • little understood, but by mass most multicellular life onplanet is Nematoda
  • decomposers
69
Q

endoparasitic

A

a parasite that lives in the internal organs or tissues of its host

70
Q

Nematoda feeding

A
  • complete gut-mouth and anus
  • Some have a piercing mouthpart-made from hardened cuticle
  • few parasicic but important
    • plant parasites
    • filiarial diseases from guinea worms
      • lymphatic/ocular
71
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A
  • Body Cavity: reduced coelom
  • Support: chitinous exoskeleton
  • limbs with joints
  • Head/trunk segments (trunk can be abdomen&tail)
72
Q

arthropod habitat/ecology

A
  • marine, freshwater, terrestrial
  • primary, secondary consumers, parasites
    • may live in social systems
    • vectors of disease and pollen
73
Q

protostome

A

pore becomes mouth

74
Q

deuterostome

A

pore becomes anus

75
Q

arthropod feeding strategy

A

jointed limbs grown as mouth parts for feeding, courtship, defense, movement, or sensory perception

76
Q

Arthropod life cycle/reproduction

A
  • sexual
  • dioecy
  • internal fertalization
  • courtship displays, sperm storage, nuptial gift
  • indirect development
  • 1 to many larval stages
  • ecdysis
77
Q

dioecy

A

has distinct male and female individual organisms

78
Q

molting

A

ecdysis

79
Q

hemimetabolous

A
  • infomplete, nymphs loook like mini adults
    • same habitat/food source
80
Q

holometabolous

A
  • complete, discinct larval stage
  • different body, food, habitat
81
Q

feeding efficiency

A

reduce competition among life stages

82
Q

arthropod functional specialization

A
  • larva specialized for feeding, sessile
  • adult specialized for reproduction, mobile
  • leads to higher efficiency in feeding and reproduction—>higher fitness
83
Q

exoskeleton advantages

A
  • use of terrestrial environment
  • stiff site for muscle attachment
  • keep animal from drying out
  • protection against chem and mechanical trauma
84
Q

Disadvantages

A
  • requires resources to make
  • limits growth
  • animal is vulnerable during ecdysis
85
Q

subphylum chelicerata

A
  • aracnids, horshoe crab, sea scorpions
  • no antennae
  • cephalothorax and abdomen
  • 6pairs of appendages including chelicerae
86
Q

subphylum myriapoda

A

centipedes, millipedes

87
Q

subphylum crustacea

A
  • fairy shrimp, krill, lobster, crab
  • 2 pair of antennae
  • jaw-like mouthparts
  • head may fuse w/ segments to form carapace
88
Q

class insecta

A
  • beetles, flies, etc
  • 1 pair of antennae
  • compound eye
  • head
  • thorax
    • 2prs wings 3 prs legs
  • abdomen
89
Q

phylum echinodermata

A
  • bentameric symmetry
  • bony plates form an endoskeleton
  • water vascular system
  • mutable connective tissue
90
Q

water vascular system form

A
  • canals and tube feet
  • function
    • locomotion
    • nutrient exchange
    • gas exchange
91
Q

mutable connective tissue

A
  • enables movement
  • dramatic effect in defense
92
Q

phylum chordata

A
  • master hunter
  • synapomorphies
    • notochord–flexibal, dorsal endoskeletal rod between nerve cord and gut
    • dorsal, hollow nerve cord
    • pharyngeal slits
      • lateral openings in foregut body wall
      • supported by stiff arches
      • gas exchange and feeding efficiency
    • post anal tail containing muscular/skeletal elements–POWER
93
Q

jawless fish

A
  • hagfish/lamprey
  • eel-like body
  • no paired fins
  • mouth fleshy w/ no bones
  • fibrous/cartilaginous skeleton w/ persistent notocord
  • move by undulation
94
Q

hagfish

A
  • no jaws
  • no paired appendages
  • poor eyes
  • Marine only
  • Free-living (not parasites)
  • Scaevnging
    • mucus covered
95
Q

lamprey

A
  • no jaws/paired appendages
  • well-developed fins
  • Ectoparasitic
  • suck blood using oral disk
  • Reproductive migrations “anadromy”
    • juveniles live in saltwater
    • adalts breed in freshwater
96
Q

Jaws allow

A
  • dismember larger food items/prey
  • facilitated development of teeth
  • active predator defense
  • de-emphasize armor as passive defense
    • more mobility
  • all these=many many vertebrates
97
Q

chondrichthyes

A
  • cartilagenous fishes
    • sharks, rays, etc
  • cartilaginous endoskeleton
  • 5-7 separate gill slits
  • electro/chemosensory ablilties
98
Q

Chondrichthyan Reproduction

A
  • oviparity
  • ovoviviparity
  • viviparity
99
Q

oviparity

A
  • egg laying
  • bullhead sharks, rays
100
Q

ovoviviparity

A
  • retain eggs in uterus
  • yolk sac attached directly to digestive system
  • additional nourishment may be derived from other eggs
    • sand tigers, whites, threshers
101
Q

viviparity

A
  • most complex
  • when yolk gone, empty sac attaches to uterine wall
102
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A
  • most species rich vertebrate
  • endoskeleton of bond/cartilage
  • fishes w/ thin fin rays
  • may have swim bladder
103
Q

lobe fined fishes

A
  • paired fins have their own blood vessels, may have bony elements
  • homologous to legs
104
Q

Lungfishes

A
  • Freshwater
  • Hard bones support thin fleshy side fins
  • swim bladder connected to esophagus, can exchange CO2 for O2
    • seek new homes during droughts
105
Q

Tiktaalik

A
  • fish-tetrapod intermediate
  • no opercula
  • air breather
  • scales&ribs
  • neck
  • fin bones
106
Q

Amphibians

A
  • first tetrapods
  • mostly terrestrial and freshwater
  • Many–> indirect development
107
Q

Class Amphibia

A
  • frogs and toads, salamanders etc
  • chytrid fungi + Climate change=severe metomorphosis problems
  • climate-driven vegetation change
108
Q

Amniotic egg

A
  • birds, reptiles, some mammals
  • extraembryonic membranes
109
Q

amniotes have __________ fertilziation

A

internal

110
Q

amniotes-prevent dessication

A
  • waterproof skin made of keratin
111
Q

amniotes internalized gas exchange

A

lungs and rib cage for efficient gas exchange

112
Q

mammal synapomorphy

A
  • hair
    • made of keratin
  • endothermic
    • maintains constant body temp
    • also in birds
  • lot of parental care
    • ​mammary glands
113
Q

monotremes/marsupials

A
  • young very helpless
    • no placenta
  • fossils found isolated
114
Q

monotremes

A
  • lay eggs
    • platapus-venemous
    • echidna–eggs hatch in pouch
115
Q

marsupials

A

give live birth, young develop in pouch

116
Q

placental mammals

A
  • viviparity only
  • placenta–nourish developing embryo (parental care)
  • most species rodents
  • some have flight/sea
117
Q

reptilia:lizards/snakes

A
  • thermosensory
  • can run, undulate or glide
118
Q

snake adaptations

A
  • ancient types have pelvis
  • loss of left lung
  • jaw flexibility
119
Q

reptilia:tortoises/turtles

A
  • terrestrial, freshwater, few marine
  • vertebra/ribs fused to tough keratin shell
120
Q

Reptilia: Crocodiles & Alligators

A
  • freshwater/marine
  • carnivory/scavenging
  • aquatic adaptations
  • endangered
121
Q

crocs/alligator:mix of old and new

A
  • oviparous (old)
  • Parental Care (new)
  • poikilothermic (old)
  • 4-chambered heart (new)
122
Q

poikilothermic

A

internal temperature varies considerably

123
Q

reptilia: aves

A
  • birds
  • closest living relative to dinos
    • shelled eggs, scales on legs
  • parental care
  • endothermic
    • ​maintain constant internal body temp
124
Q

aves adaptations for flight

A
  • weight reduction
    • fewer organs
    • hollow air sacs in bones
  • huge flight muscles
  • feathers
    • ​made of keratin
    • structure resists flow of air
  • airfoil
125
Q

cephalization

A

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain

126
Q

radula

A

anatomical structure that is used by mollusks for feeding,

127
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

digestion and circulation in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

128
Q

setae

A

a stiff hairlike or bristlelike structure, especially in an invertebrate.

129
Q

notochord

A

a cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals

130
Q

tube feet

A

each of a large number of small, flexible, hollow appendages protruding through the ambulacra, used either for locomotion or for collecting food and operated by hydraulic pressure within the water-vascular system.

131
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

The system of support found in soft-bodied invertebrates, which relies on the incompressibility of fluids contained within the body cavity

Bio 102 (8 decks)

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