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Body log > Tissues and epithelial cells > Flashcards

Tissues and epithelial cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define a tissue

A

a group or collection of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function or set function within an organism

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissue

A
  • connective
  • epithelial
  • muscle
  • nervous
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3
Q

define an organ

A

an organ is the organisation of two or more tissues that have specific functions within an organism

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4
Q

what is a system

A

created when several organs work together to form organ systems that perform complex functions necessary for the survival and functioning of the entire organism

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5
Q

what are the three membranes of epithelial cells

A
  • apical (upper)
  • lateral (sides)
  • basal (lower)
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6
Q

What is often found on the apical surface

A
  • specialisations
    e.g. microvilli, stereovilli, cillia
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7
Q

what features can be found on the lateral membrane

A
  • tight junctions
  • adherens junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions
  • cell adhesion molecules
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8
Q

describe where and what tight junctions are

A

where: always at top of cell near apical surface in lateral border
role: prevent movement of larger molecules through lumen into deeper tissues

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9
Q

describe where and what adhesion junctions are

A
  • always found 1/3 distance from luminal surface
  • found in pairs
  • role: stabilising factor and additional transport barrier
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10
Q

describe where and what desmosomes are

A
  • found 1/2 way between top and bottom of cells
  • found in tissues that experience mechanical stress (heart, bladder, uterus)
  • role: prevent mechanical strength and prevent destruction
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11
Q

describe where and what gap junctions are

A
  • found close to base of epithelial cells in cardiac and muscle cells
    role: quickly communicate changes intercellular molecular composition
  • allow free movement of small molecules from one cell to another
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12
Q

describe where and what cell adhesion molecules are

A
  • found on cell surface
    role: adhere to extracellular matrix, other cells and surroundings
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13
Q

what features are found on the basal membrane

A
  • hemi-desmosome
  • focal adhesions
  • integrins
  • proteoglycans
  • cell adhesion molecules
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14
Q

describe where and what hemi-desmosomes are

A

-found only on basal surface

role: attach not to cells but extracellular matrix (fibronectin, collagen, laminin fibres) attaches b connective tissue layer through elastin, fibrillin

anchors epithelial cells to basal lamina and prevents loss to external surface

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15
Q

describe what focal adhesions are

A

similar to hemidesmosomes
binds to fibronectin which causes a conformational change resulting in the binding to collagen

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16
Q

describe what integrins are

A

cohesive forces
work as alpha beta dimer
weak binders of extracellular matrix but phosphorylation produces heterotetramer that has greater binding capacity

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17
Q

describe what proteoglycans are

A
  • support hydration of extracellular matrix of normal skins (elasticity)
  • support scaffolding for proper alignment of fibrous and elastic components of skin
  • have the ability to control availability of growth factors in ECM
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18
Q

what is the function of mucosal membrane

A
  • stop pathogens entering
  • prevents dehydration
  • lubricates surface
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19
Q

define mucosal membrane

A

moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities

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20
Q

where is mucosal membrane found where it lines all moist hollow internal organs

A
  • GI tract
  • urinary
  • respiratory
  • urogenital
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21
Q

where is mucosal membrane found where it is continuous with skin at body openings

A

eyes, ears, nose, mouth, lips, vagina, anus

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22
Q

what are the GI tract layers

A
  • serosa
  • muscularis
  • submucosa
  • muscularis mucosa
  • mucosa
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23
Q

what are the functions of the mucosa in GI tract

A
  • absorb substances from the lumen
  • prevent ingress of pathogens
  • move contents and expel waste
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24
Q

what are the layers in the oesophagus

A
  • epithelium
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
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25
Q

what are the parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • primary bronchi
  • secondary bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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26
Q

what parts are in the respiratory portion of the resp system

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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27
Q

what epithelial cells are found from the nasal cavity to largest bronchioles and cilia and goblet cells

A

psuedostratified epithelium

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28
Q

what epithelial cells are found in terminal bronchioles and cillia and clara cells

A

simple columnar epithelium

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29
Q

what epithelial cells are found in resp bronchioles and alveolar ducts and clara cells

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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30
Q

what respiratory cells are found in the alveoli and septal cells

A

simple squamous

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31
Q

describe the layers in the trachea

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • C- shaped hyaline cartilage
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32
Q

What are the treacheal and bronchial secreations

A
  • mucins and water
  • serum proteins
  • lysosomes
  • anti-proteases
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33
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator

A

when the cilia wave mucus towards oral cavity where material can be swallowed

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34
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary/ tertiary bronchi

A

secondary and tertiary no longer have full rings of cartilage

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35
Q

what adaptations are in the alveoli epithelium

A
  • fold in basal lamina allow for expansion
  • at junction small amount of collagen provide with many layers of elastin provide elastic recoil to return sac to empty state
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36
Q

define an epithelial tissue

A

thin, continuous protective layer of cells that covers both the inside and outside of the body including blood vessels

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37
Q

what is the embryological origin of epithelial tissues

A

from all embryological germ layers
- ectoderm –> epidermis
- mesoderm –> inner and outer GI tract
- endoderm –> inner linings of body cavities

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38
Q

what does it mean that epithelial tissues are avascular and how do they get nutrients

A
  • do not have their own blood supply
  • nutrients via diffusion
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39
Q

how are epithelial cells classified

A
  • how many layers
  • cell shape
  • any specialisations on free apical surface
40
Q

what makes epithelial cells simple

A

one cell layer thick

41
Q

what are the different simple epithelial cells

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • psuedostratified
42
Q

what makes epithelial cells stratified/compound

A

many cell layers

43
Q

what are the different stratified epithelial cells

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • transitional
44
Q

what epithelial cells facilitate gas exchange and where are they found

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • found in mesothelial alveoli of lungs and lining of blood vessels (endothelium)
45
Q

what are they special features of simple squamous epithelia

A
  • thin (thin diffusion layer)
  • permeable (exchange surface)
  • smooth surface (reduces friction)
46
Q

what are the functions of simple squamous epithelia

A
  • lubrication (meothelium)
  • gas exchange (alveoli)
  • product exchange (water, nutrients, CO2)
  • barrier (bowmans capsule, skin, oesophagus, eye, brain)
47
Q

what epithelial cells are absorptive epithelium

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
48
Q

describe the shape of simple cuboidal and where nucleus is located

A

single layer of polygonal cells, height and width are equal
nucleus: central

49
Q

describe shape of simple squamous and where nucleus if located

A

single layer of flat cells
nucleus: risen in middle

50
Q

where are simple cuboidal cells found

A
  • kidney tubules
  • thyroid gland
  • glands and ducts
  • ovaries
51
Q

what are the functions of simple cuboidal cells in kidney tubules

A

function: filtration, reabsorption and secretion to form urine
adaptation: efficient reabsorption of water and ions

52
Q

what are the functions of simple cuboidal cells in thyroid gland

A

function: synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
adaptations: follicles that store thyroid hormone precusors

53
Q

what are the functions of simple cuboidal cells in glands and ducts

A

e.g. salivary glands, pancreatic ducts, sweat glands
function: secretions
adaptation: efficient transport of secretions

54
Q

what are the functions of simple cuboidal cells in ovaries

A

function: cover surface of ovary and involved in production of hormones
adaptation: protection and secretion

55
Q

describe shape of simple columnar and position of nucleus

A

single layer whose height greater than width
nucleus all one level at bottom

56
Q

where are simple columnar epithelium found

A

lining of crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal glands) in mucosa of the colon

57
Q

what are the protective epithelium cells

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • transitional epithelium
58
Q

describe shape of stratified squamous epithelia

A

contain multiple layers of cells, the outermost are thin squamous epithelial cells

59
Q

where are stratified squamous cells found

A

-oral cavity
- oesophagus
- vagina
- part of anal cavity
- cornea
- surface of eyelid

60
Q

what are the function of stratified squamous epithelial cells

A
  • protect against abrasions
  • reduce water loss
61
Q

how do stratified squamous cells maintain low pH in vagina

A

rich in glycogen, a substrate for lactobacilli which produces lactic acid and thereby maintain a suitable low pH to destroy non-native bacteria and viruses

62
Q

describe shape or transitional epithelium

A

surface cells vary in shape from columnar (non-distended) and cuboidal (distended)

63
Q

where are transitional epithelial cells found

A

urinary urothelium

64
Q

what are the functions on transitional epithelial cells

A

distensibility
protection of underlying tissue from toxic chemicals

65
Q

what are microvilli

A

hair like projection that increase surface area available for absorption

66
Q

what cells are microvilli found on

A

simple columnar

67
Q

where are simple columnar with microvilli found

A
  • stomach lining and gastric glands
  • small intestine and colon
  • gall bladder
  • cervix
68
Q

what are the function of simple columnar epithelial cells with microvilli

A
  • absorption
  • secretion
  • protection
  • lubrication
69
Q

describe the structure of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

A

multiple layers of cells which outermost are squamous cells that have lost their nuclei and cornified (become squames of keratin)

70
Q

what are the outermost layers of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium called

A

stratum corneum

71
Q

where are stratified squamous keratinised cells found

A
  • surface of skin
  • limited distribution
72
Q

what are the functions of stratified squamous keratinised

A
  • protection against abrasion and trauma
  • prevent water loss
  • prevent microbial ingress
  • shielding against UV damage
73
Q

describe structure of pseudostratified epithelia and position of nuceli

A

all cells make contact with basement membrane but not all reach epithelial cell surface (varying heights)
nuclei lying at different levels giving impression of multiple layers

74
Q

where are pseudostratified found

A
  • lining of conducting airway
  • lining of male reproductive tract
75
Q

what are the functions of pseudostratified epithelia

A
  • secretion and conduit
  • mucus secretion
  • particle trapping
  • absorption of excess fluid
76
Q

what speacialisation are found on goblet cells

A

microvilli
release mucins through exocytocis

77
Q

what gene is mutated in cystic fibrosis

A

CFTR ( cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator)

78
Q

what does the mutation of the CFTR gene cause

A

deficiency of chloride ion causing sticky immovable mucus

79
Q

how does CF affect airways

A

clogging and infection of bronchial passage with thick sticky mucus
obstructs breathing and damages lungs

80
Q

how does CF affect liver

A

small bile duct becomes blocked and disrupts digestion

81
Q

how does CF affect pancreas

A

zymogen secretion not released

82
Q

how does CF affect small intestine

A

thick nonmotile stools

83
Q

how does CF affect reproductive tract

A

absence of fine ducts so male infertility
female infertility: thick mucous plug in cervix prevents semen transit

84
Q

how does CF affect skin

A

malfunction sweat glands very salt crystalline sweat

85
Q

what is a serous membrane

A

bag like cavity which organs invaginate so become surrounded by outer and inner part of serous membrane ( like fist in ballon)

86
Q

what organs are surrounded by serous membrane

A

heart, lungs, and gut

87
Q

what is the visceral serosa of serous membrane

A

membrane closest to organ in cavity

88
Q

what is the parietal serosa of serous membrane

A

membrane lines outer cavity

89
Q

what do serous membranes line

A
  • peritoneum
  • pleural sacs
  • pericardial sac
90
Q

compare serous membrane and mucous membrane

A

mucous: lines internal tubes which open to exterior
serous: thin two part membrane which line closed body cavities

91
Q

what are club cells

A

protect bronchioles and act as stem cells for respiratory epithelium

92
Q

what are the functions of club cells

A
  • protect bronchiolar epithelium (secretion of many products including uterglobin)
  • detoxification of harmful substances inhaled
  • act as stem cells
93
Q

what are microfold cells and where are they found

A

cells with folded extension
found in small intestine and very close to lymphatic nodules

94
Q

what are the functions of microfold cells

A
  • trap pathogens and present them to:
  • present to underlying dendritic cells that process materials
  • present to lymphocytes and macrophages
95
Q

what are stereocilia and where are they found

A

convert mechanical movement to electrical signal
found in inner ear

96
Q
A

Body log (8 decks)

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