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Body log > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When is the pre-embryonic period

A

first two weeks of development

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2
Q

What are the three stages in pre embryonic development

A

1) cleavage
2) compaction
3) implantation

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3
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occur

A

ampulla of fallopian tube

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4
Q

describe the process of fertilisation

A
  • oocyte released from ovary
  • travels along fallopian tube
  • fertilised by sperm in ampulla becomes a zygote
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5
Q

where is the idea site for implantation

A

posterior uterine wall

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6
Q

what occurs in week one

A

cleavage

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7
Q

What is cleavage and when does it occur

A

divisions without growth as cannot grow due to zona pellucida
day 2

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8
Q

After the cleavage what are the cells known as

A

blastomeres

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9
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

a glycoprotein shell around the zygote to prevent polyspermy and provide the growing zygote with nutrients

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10
Q

what is the cell known as after cleavage and when is it formed

A

the morula
Day 3

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11
Q

what are the cells in the morula
pluri,toti or multi

A

totipotent

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12
Q

When does compaction occur

A

after third cleavage
Day 4

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13
Q

What is compaction

A

segregation of inner and outer cells and formation of first cavity

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14
Q

What is the first cavity known as

A

blastoceole/ blastocyst cavity

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15
Q

When is the blastocyst formed

A

after compaction when the first cavity forms

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16
Q

What are the inner cells called in the blastocyst

A

embryoblast

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17
Q

what are the outer cells in a blastocyst called

A

trophoblast

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18
Q

What do embryoblast cells become

A

the embryo itself
- bilaminar disk

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19
Q

What do trophoblast cells become

A

placenta

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20
Q

what happens after compaction

A

hatching

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21
Q

what is hatching and when does it occur

A

blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida
free to enlarge and implant
Day 5

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22
Q

what occurs after hatching

A

implantation
Day 6-7

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23
Q

what occurs in week 2

A

differentiation

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24
Q

what two layers emerge from the outer cell layers

A
  • synchtiotrophoblast
  • cytotrophoblast
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25
Q

what does the inner cell mass become

A

bilaminar disk
- epiblast
- hypoblast

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26
Q

what is the cavity above the epiblast called

A

amniotic cavity

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27
Q

what is the cavity below the hypoblast called

A

yolk sac

28
Q

where does implantation occur

A

embedded within endometrium so is interstitial

29
Q

why is implantation important

A

establishes maternal blood flow within placenta
basic structural unit of materno fetal exchange (chorionic villus)

30
Q

what are some conditions linked to implantation defects

A

inter-uterine growth restriction
pre-eclampsia
ectopic pregnancy
placenta praevia

31
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy

A

where the embryo impants are any other site (commonly fallopian tube)

32
Q

why can ectopic pregnancy become quickly life threatening

A

can quickly become life threatening as tube can burst and bleeding can occur which can be mistook as menstruation

33
Q

what is placenta praevia

A

implantation in lower uterine segment
causes placenta to grow over opening of cervix
requires C section

34
Q

what happens on week two day 9

A
  • rapid development of syncytiotrophoblast forms lacunae (a cavity)
  • primitive yolk sac formed which is in contact with cytotrophoblast
35
Q

what happens on week 2 day 11

A
  • primitive yolk sac pushed away from cytotrophoblast by an acellular extraembryonic reticulum which is later converted to extraembryonic mesoderm
36
Q

what happens on week 2 day 12

A
  • maternal sinusoids invaded by syncytiotrophoblast in lacuna (form of a blood channel)
37
Q

what happens on week 2 day 13

A

formation of secondary yolk sac
pinches off primitive yolk sac

38
Q

what happens on week 2 day 14

A

spaces within the extraembryonic mesoderm merge to form the chorionic cavity
- embryo an cavities suspended by connecting stalk (future umbilical cord)

39
Q

when is the embryonic period

A

week 3 to 8

40
Q

what is gastrulation

A

formation of trilaminar disk

41
Q

what is the primitive streak

A

a streak down the epiblast layer
will turn into CNS

42
Q

describe the process of gastrulation

A
  • formation of primitive streak
  • mirgation and invagination
  • displacement of hypoblast and creation of third layer
43
Q

what are the three layers of the trilaminar

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
44
Q

what cells derive from the ectoderm

A

organ structures that maintain contact with outside world
e.g. nervous system
epidermis

45
Q

what cells derive from the mesoderm

A

supporting tissues
e.g. muscles
cartilage
bone

46
Q

what cells derive from the endoderm

A

internal structures
e.g. GI
respiratory tract

47
Q

what does the ultimate fate of invaginating epiblasts depend on

A

where in the streak or node they invaginate

48
Q

what is the notochord

A

solid rod of cells in the midline
cells that migrate through cranial end of primitive

49
Q

what does the notochord in neurulation

A
  • converts overlying ectoderm to neurectoderm
  • signals ectoderm to thicken
    -edges of neural plate curl towards eachother creating neural tube
50
Q

why do the buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes have no mesoderm

A

buccopharyngeal: mouth opening
cloacal: anus opening

51
Q

what are the different layers of mesoderm

A
  • paraxial mesoderm
  • intermediate mesoderm
  • somatic mesoderm
  • splanchnic mesoderm
  • intraembryonic coelom
52
Q

what is the paraxial mesoderm

A

mesoderm around the neural tube that gives rise to somites

53
Q

what are somites

A

form the vertebral column, ribs, muscles of the spines

54
Q

what does the intermediate mesoderm form

A

kidneys

55
Q

what does the most lateral part of the mesoderm split into

A
  • somatic
  • splanchnic
56
Q

what does the somatic layer form

A

forms diaphragm and limb muscles

57
Q

what does the splanchnic layer form

A

muscle of heart and viscera

58
Q

what does the intraembryonic coelom become

A

body cavities

59
Q

what happens after somites form in a regular block around a small cavity

A

organised degeneration formation of the sclerotome of ventral wall of somites
organisation of dorsal portion forms dermomyotome
- myotome increases and migrates, dermatome disperses

60
Q

what does the dermatome form

A

dermis

61
Q

myotome

A

muscles

62
Q

sclerotome

A

bones

63
Q

how many somites are there

A

31

64
Q

what does folding of the embryo achieve

A
  • draws together the margins of the disk
  • creates ventral wall
  • pulls amniotic membrane around disk
  • embryo becomes suspended within the amnioti sac
65
Q

what is the process of folding

A
  • cephalocaudal folding (head to toe)
  • lateral folding

Body log (8 decks)

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