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Body log > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of muscle

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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2
Q

what type of muscle are skeletal and cardiac

A

striated

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3
Q

what type of muscle is smooth muscle

A

smooth

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4
Q

what are the features of skeletal muscle

A
  • Multinucleated
  • Fused cells
  • Attached to skeleton
  • Voluntary
  • Contains Myoglobin
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5
Q

what are the features of cardiac muscle

A
  • Heart only
  • Branched in structure
  • Uni- (or bi-) nucleated
  • Intercalated discs
  • Involuntary
  • Contains Myoglobin
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6
Q

what are the features of smooth muscle

A
  • Distinct cells
  • Spindle shaped
  • Wall of internal organs
  • Involuntary
  • No Myoglobin
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7
Q

what is myalgia

A

muscle pain

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8
Q

what is myopathy

A

disease of the muscle

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9
Q

what is myasthenia

A

muscle weakness

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10
Q

what is myotonia

A

delayed muscle relaxation after contraction

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11
Q

what is myoclonus

A

sudden involuntary muscle spasm jerk

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12
Q

what is fasciculation

A

small local involuntary muscle spasm or jerk

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13
Q

what is rhabdomyolysis

A

muscle damage releasing proteins into bloodstream

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14
Q

what is dystrophy

A

abnormal muscle development

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15
Q

what is fibromyalgia

A

chronic disorder with widespread MSK pain

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16
Q

what is tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

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17
Q

what is myoglobin and what is its role

A

globular protein similar to a single subunit of haemoglobin

role: storage and transport of oxygen

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18
Q

what are the functions of skeletal muscle

A

movement
posture
joint stability
heat generation

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19
Q

what are the three arrangements of skeletal muscle

A
  • parallel
  • pennate
  • circular
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20
Q

what are parallel muscles and give three types and examples

A
  • fibers run parallel to force generating axis
  • strap (sartorius)
  • fusiform (biceps branchii)
  • fan shaped ( pectoralis major)
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21
Q

what are pennate muscles and give three types and examples

A
  • one or more aponeuroses run through muscle from tendon
  • unipennate (extensor digitorum longus)
  • bipennate ( rectus femoris)
  • multipennate ( deltoid)
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22
Q

what are circular muscles and where are they found

A

act as sphincters to adjust opening
concentric fibres

found in skin, ligaments, fascia

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23
Q

what are the two types of muscle contraction

A
  • isotonic
  • isometric
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24
Q

what is isotonic contraction

A

constant tension variable length

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25
Q

what are the types of isotonic contraction

A
  • concentric: muscle shortens
  • eccentric: muscle exerts force while being extended
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26
Q

what is isometric contraction

A

constant length and variable tension

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27
Q

how do muscles generate force

A

an only generate force by contracting (shorten) meaning they pull cannot push

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28
Q

what is the sarcloemma

A

plasma membrane

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29
Q

what is the sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm

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30
Q

what is the sarcomere

A

unit of contraction

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31
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

SER

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32
Q

what is the transverse tubule (T-tubule)

A

deep invagination of sarcolemma

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33
Q

what is the triad in muscles

A

two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and one T-tubule

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34
Q

what is a fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibres

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35
Q

what is the endomysium

A

connective tissue that wraps between the fibres to connect fascicles together

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36
Q

what is the perimysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

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37
Q

what is the epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle by connecting each fascicle bundle together

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38
Q

where are the nuclei in skeletal muscle

A

peripheral

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39
Q

why would nuclei be found centrally in skeletal muscle

A

muscle damage

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40
Q

what are the components of sarcomere bands

A

I band
Z disc
A band
M band

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41
Q

what are myofibrils

A

long cylindrical organelles that are fundamental contractile elements of both skeletal and cardiac muscle composed of repeating units called sarcomeres

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42
Q

what are the three types of muscle fibres

A

slow type I
fast type IIA
fast type IIX

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43
Q

compare muscle fibers in terms of myoglobin levels

A

type I and type IIA: high
type IIX: low

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43
Q

compare muscle fibers in terms of energy production

A

type I and type II A: aerobic
type IIX: anaerobic glycolysis

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44
Q

compare muscle fibers in terms of colour

A

type I and IIA: red
type IIX: white

45
Q

compare muscle fibers in terms of capillary supply

A

type I and IIA: rich
type IIX: poor

46
Q

compare muscle fibers in terms of mitochondria

A

type I and IIA: many
type IIX: few

47
Q

compare muscle fibers in terms of fatigue resistance

A

type I: high
type IIA: moderate
type IIX: low

48
Q

what are intercalated disks and where are they found

A
  • they form lines of communication between myocytes by acting as a functional syncytium
    made up of desmosomes and gap junctions
    in cardiac muscle
49
Q

what is a syncytial tissue?
what does a functional syncytium mean (compare to true) and where is one found

A
  • cells containing several nuclei formed by fusion to form one multi-nucleated cell
  • functional is many cells working together not true as not one cell
50
Q

give features of cardiac muscle

A
  • central nuclei
  • branching
  • intercalate disks
  • striations
51
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

contractile walls

52
Q

give features of smooth muscle

A
  • single central nucleus
  • slow and sustained contractions
  • wide distribution
  • influenced by ANS
  • thick and thin filaments
53
Q

what are dense bodies and where are they found

A

what actin filaments attach to
found in smooth muscle

54
Q

what are the 2 functional categories of smooth muscle

A
  • single unit: many gap junctions allows cells to act as single unit
  • multiunit: smooth muscles contract and relax individually, contraction not transmitted but remains in that particular muscle cells
55
Q

what are caveolae

A

membrane invaginations

56
Q

what are connexons and what are they made of

A

form a continuous channel for ions to pass

made from connexins

57
Q

give an example of smooth muscle

A

small intestine

outer: longitudinal
inner: circular

58
Q

how are smooth muscle cells innervated

A

by autonomic nervous system

59
Q

how can muscles become damaged

A

mechanical stress
toxins
inflammation
ischaemia

60
Q

how does smooth muscle respond to injury

A

undergoing mitosis
to maintain or increase numbers

61
Q

what is the difference between cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle in terms of division

A

cardiac considered incapable of regen but new ev suggests fibroblasts invade and divide

skeletal muscle cannot divide muscle fibers regenerate by mitotic activity of satellite cells (muscle stem cells) fusing with damaged fibers

whereas smooth can undergo mitosis

62
Q

how does skeletal muscle grow

A

hypertrophy (existing cells grow not addition of new cells)

63
Q

what is the sliding filament theory

A

the actin fibers on the I band slide between myosin in the A band

I band shortens A band remains same length

64
Q

what are myofilaments made up of

A

thin and thick filaments

65
Q

what are thick myofilaments made from

describe the structure

A

myosin II molecules

a helix (co-assembly with others to form thick filaments)

two heads of heavy chain myosin (regulatory light, alkali light)

hinge region

tail region

66
Q

what are thin myofilaments made from

A

actin in complex with troponin and tropomyosin

67
Q

describe the structure of thin myofilaments

A

actin
troponin complex (TnT, TnC, TnI)
myosin binding site
Calcium bound to troponin complex

68
Q

how is force generated in muscle filaments

A

cross bridges between myosin and actin

69
Q

what is TnT

A

tropomyosin binding site

70
Q

what is TnC

A

calcium binding site

71
Q

what is tropomyosin

A

occludes myosin binding site

72
Q

what is TnI

A

inhibition site of calcium binding

73
Q

describe the sliding filament theory process

A
  • The myosin heads form a cross bridge with the actin filament.
  • The attached heads pull on the actin filament through a form of relaxation (passive movement).
  • ATP attaches to the myosin head, and this breaks the bond with the actin filament.
  • The ATP hydrolyses and ‘cocks’ the myosin head back to the starting position (active movement).
74
Q

how does calcium regulate muscle contraction

A
  • low calcium: resting state
  • high calcium: binds to TnC to expose myosin binding site so cross bridges can be formed
75
Q

what are T-tubules

A

tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma
- filled with extracellular fluid

76
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do

A

forms a network of calcium stores in close proximity to myofibrils and T-tubules

77
Q

what is the triad in muscles

A

SR - T tubule - SR

78
Q

what and where are the voltage sensor proteins found in muscles

A

DHPR (dihydropyridine receptors) voltage sensors in T-tubule

RYR (ryanodine receptors) are calcium release channels in the SR

79
Q

what is a motor unit

A

1 a motor neuron an every muscle fibre it innervates

80
Q

describe the first event of muscle contraction

A

1) initiation: AP travels along motor neuron and arrives at neuromuscular junction

81
Q

describe the second event of muscle contraction

A

2) impulse prompts release of acetylcholine into synapse binds to nicotinic receptor sites, opens VG sodium channels and causes depolarisation of sarcolemma

82
Q

describe the third event of muscle contraction

A

3) VG sodium channels open and sodium ions enter cell

83
Q

describe the fourth event of muscle contraction

A

4) depol spreads over sarcolemma

84
Q

describe the fifth event of muscle contraction

A

voltage sensor proteins in T tubule membrane change confirmation

85
Q

describe the sixth event of muscle contraction

A

gated calcium ion channels adjacent to SR are activated by step 5

86
Q

describe the seventh event of muscle contraction

A

Calcium ions rapidly released into sarcoplasm

87
Q

describe the eigth event of muscle contraction

A

calcium binds to TnC sub uint of troponin

88
Q

describe the ninth event of muscle contraction

A

muscle fibres shorten

89
Q

describe the tenth event of muscle contraction

A

calcium returns to SR and fibers relax

90
Q

how is the force of contraction determined

A

rate of neural stimulation
motor unit recruitment

91
Q

what is ptosis

A

droopy eyelid often asymmetrical

92
Q

how is myasthenia gravis caused

A
  • autoimmune
  • antibodies directed against Ach receptor so reduced amount of Ach receptors so endplate invaginations reduced so reduced synaptic transmission
93
Q

where do skeletal muscles originate

A

bone, typically proximal

94
Q

where are muscle intertions

A

where muscle attaches to
distal
moved by contraction
bone, tendon, connective tissue

95
Q

what are agonists

A

prime moves

96
Q

what are antagonists

A

oppose prime movers

97
Q

what are synergists

A

assists prime movers

98
Q

what are neutralisers

A

prevent unwanted actions that agonist can perform

99
Q

what are fixators

A

hold body part immobile while another body part moves

100
Q

what is a first class lever

A

see-saw

load-fulcrum-effort

example: neck extension

101
Q

what is a second class lever

A

wheelbarrow

fulcum-load-effort

example: calf in leg

102
Q

what is a third class lever

A

fishing rod

load- effort- fulcrum

example: biceps

103
Q

what are muscle compartments

A

muscles with similar actions grouped together
based on location
surrounded by thick dense fascia

104
Q

what is compartment syndrome

A

trauma in one compartment could cause internal bleeding which exerts pressure on blood vessels and nerves
- fascia cant stretch and closes blood vessels

105
Q

how is compartment syndrome treated

A

treated by fasciotomy

106
Q

what is muscle tone regulated by

A

motor neuron activity
muscle elasticity
use
gravity

107
Q

how does muscle hypertrophy work

A
  • myonuclei numbers increase
  • more nuclei increases protein synth so more actin and myosin, myofibrils
108
Q

what is atrophy

A

more destruction than replacement

109
Q

how is the cardiac muscle innervated

A

autonomic nervous system

110
Q

how is muscle contraction regulated

A

phosphorylation regulatory proteins of myosin

  • calmodium (CaM) binds with calcium and binds to myosin light chain kinase which activates myosin by phosphorylating it
  • inactivated by myosin phosphatase to inactive form
111
Q
A

Body log (8 decks)

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