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Science for Medicine > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue in the body?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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2
Q

What do epithelial tissues do?

A

Cover surfaces, separate different compartments etc

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3
Q

What defines the function in epithelial tissues?

A

Cells.

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4
Q

Can epithelial tissues form secondary structures?

A

Yes- glands, heat/touch receptors etc.

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5
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Connects tissues of the body.

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6
Q

Give some examples of connective tissue.

A

Blood, bone, adipose (fat).

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7
Q

What defines function within connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix and fluid.

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8
Q

What matrix exists in connective tissue?

A

Liquid to solid matrix.

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9
Q

What do muscle cells do?

A

Exist as long thin cells which are contractile for movement. Shortens length and close down spaces through breadth of contractile apparatus existing in the cytoplasm.

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10
Q

What are the cytoplasms of muscle tissue cells filled with?

A

Contractile apparatus.

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11
Q

What do nerve cells do?

A

Generate, receive and transmit electrical signals. Function in body communication and integration of body systems. Includes neurones and support cells (e.g. glial).

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12
Q

What is the difference between epithelium and endothelium?

A 
Epithelium = outside
Endothelium = inside
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13
Q

What does the function of epithelial tissue depend on?

A

Cellular specialisation rather than that of the extracellular matrix.

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14
Q

How does epithelial tissue maintain the coverage of a surface?

A

No contact inhibition- cells can touch/stick to other cells
Cell-cell junctions
ECM junctions

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15
Q

What are cell-cell junctions?

A

Junctions between cells which maintain epithelial tissue coverage of surfaces.

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16
Q

What are densosomes?

A

Adhering junctions- provide a firm anchorage through large proteinaceous thickening connective fibrous proteins on either side of a cell membrane.

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17
Q

Give an example of densosomes in action.

A

Elbow stretching.

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18
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Occluding junctions- seal tight intracellular spaces.

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19
Q

Give an example of tight junctions in action.

A

Bacteria in the intestinal lumen cannot get through these.

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20
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Communicating junctions- allow cell-cell communication through formation of a hole in the centre which allows transmission of chemical/electrical signals.

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21
Q

Give an example of gap junctions.

A

Intercalated discs of cardiac cells allows electrical impulse transmission.

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22
Q

How is epithelium maintain integration with the connective tissue?

A

Basement membrane

Cell-ECM junctions

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23
Q

Why does the basement membrane exist?

A

To maintain contact between the epithelium and things below (ECM/connective tissue).

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24
Q

What is the basal lamina composition like?

A

Gel.

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25
Q

What is the reticular lamina composition like?

A

Net; stringy fibres.

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26
Q

What are Cell-ECM junctions?

A

Junctions which connect the cell to the extracellular matrix.

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27
Q

Give an example of a cell-ECM junction.

A

Hemidesmosomes- connect the cell to the basement membrane.

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28
Q

What do hemidesmosomes do?

A

Connect cell to basement membrane.

29
Q

What are the secondary roles of thick epithelium?

A

To allow wear and tear- adaptive epithelial nature of repair.

30
Q

What are the secondary roles of thin epithelium?

A

To allow diffusion and entry/exit of substances.

31
Q

What can aid movement and absorption roles of epithelia?

A

Cillia for movement, microvilli for absorption.

32
Q

What are the broad classifications of epithelia?

A

Simple

Stratified

33
Q

What are the narrow classifications of simple epithelia?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

34
Q

What are the narrow classifications of stratified epithelia?

A 
Squamous 
Cuboidal 
Columnar
Transitional
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
35
Q

What are glands?

A

Collections of specialised secretory epithelial cells.

36
Q

Are glands single-celled or multicellular?

A

Can be either.

37
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secrete into TUBES.

38
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete into BLOOD.

39
Q

What are the classifications of gland?

A

Simple- tubular, acinar

Compound- tubuloacinar

40
Q

What do mucus glands do?

A

Thick glands passing a secretion rich in proteoglycans- secretion + water gives mucus.

41
Q

What are mucus gland secretions rich in?

A

Proteoglycans.

42
Q

What do serous glands do?

A

Pass secretion rich in protein.

43
Q

What do myoepithelial cells do?

A

Contract to squeeze out the secretion, found in basal lamina.

44
Q

Where are myoepithelial cells found?

A

Epithelial basal lamina.

45
Q

How do endocrine glands work?

A

They pass a proteinaceous secretion- the receptor is outside to allow the secretion to pass entry into a blood vessel.

46
Q

Where are steroid glands found?

A

Inner glands of adrenal cortex.

47
Q

When are steroid hormones synthesised?

A

On demand.

48
Q

What are the epithelial components of the liver called?

A

Parenchyma hepatocytes.

49
Q

How are hepatocytes arranged in the liver?

A

In rows between blood vessels.

50
Q

What are the functions of parenchyma hepatocytes?

A

Line/support hepatic structures, secretion.

51
Q

What are the epithelial components of the kidney called?

A

Parenchyma epithelial cells organised into nephrons.

52
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Organised epithelial cells in the kidney.

53
Q

What are the functions of parenchyma nephrons?

A

Support filtration of blood, partial absorption of filtrate, overall function to support urine excretion, support renal cells.

54
Q

What are the abnormal functions of epithelial cells?

A

Over-proliferation / Under-proliferation
Over-secretion / Under-secretion
Loss of ciliary beat

55
Q

What does abnormal function of the pituitary gland affect?

A

Growth hormone.

56
Q

What does over production of growth hormone in the pituitary gland cause?

A

Pituitary giantism.

57
Q

What does under production of growth hormone in the pituitary gland cause?

A

Pituitary dwarfism.

58
Q

What faults can occur in the mucous glands of the uterine tube?

A

Chlamydia (STD)

Infertility

59
Q

What is the ECM within connective tissue composed of?

A 
Fibres (rope)
Ground substance (jelly)
Tissue fluid (liquid)
60
Q

What fibres are found within the ECM of connective tissue?

A

Collagen

Elastin

61
Q

What characterises collagen?

A

Tensile strength.

62
Q

What is a Type I collagen?

A

Tendons.

63
Q

What is a Type III collagen?

A

Reticulin.

64
Q

What is a Type IV collagen?

A

Basal lamina.

65
Q

What characterises elastin?

A

Elastic fibres, stretch x1.5 in length, seen as sheets.

66
Q

What are examples of loose connective tissue (permanent fixed cells)?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells.

67
Q

What is an example of a dense regular connective tissue?

A

Tendon.

68
Q

What is an example of a dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Sebaceous gland.

69
Q

What abnormal functions can arise in connective tissue?

A

Blood leukaemia, cartilage tears, osteoporosis in the bones.

Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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