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Science for Medicine > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

How much blood does the average 70kg man hold?

A

5 litres.

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2
Q

How is blood dispersed throughout the body?

A

1L lungs
3L systemic venous circulation
1L heart and arterial circulation

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3
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A 
Carriage of physiologically active compounds
Clotting 
Defence
Carriage of gas
Thermoregulation
Maintenance of ECF pH
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4
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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5
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Circulates biologically active molecules and proteins.

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6
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

Water, plasma proteins.

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7
Q

Can plasma proteins cross the capillary wall?

A

Not usually.

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8
Q

What are the most common plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

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9
Q

What does the inability of plasma proteins to permeate the capillary wall generate?

A

Colloid oncotic pressure.

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10
Q

What forces is the net movement of fluid between a capillary and the interstitial space exposed to?

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Plasma protein concentration

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11
Q

What does capillary hydrostatic pressure favour?

A

Favours movement of fluid out of the capillary.

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12
Q

What does plasma protein concentration favour?

A

Favours movement of fluid into capillary.

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13
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia?

A

Condition in which the plasma protein concentration is too low.

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14
Q

What condition occurs when the plasma protein concentration is too low?

A

Hypoproteinaemia.

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15
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia characterised by?

A

Oedema due to loss of oncotic pressure and accumulation of fluid.

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16
Q

What is the formation of blood cells called?

A

Haemopoiesis.

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17
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

The formation of blood cells.

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18
Q

What are blood cells derived from?

A

Haemopoietic stem cells.

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19
Q

What are the types of blood cell?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets

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20
Q

How are erythrocytes formed?

A

Erythropoiesis.

21
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Formation of red blood cells.

22
Q

How are red blood cells characterised?

A

Small, biconcave shape, no nucleus- increases surface area for nutrient diffusion, red due to haemoglobin.

23
Q

What makes erythrocytes red?

A

Haemoglobin presence.

24
Q

What are the most abundant blood cell?

A

Erythrocytes.

25
Q

What is erythropoiesis controlled by?

A

Erythropoietin.

26
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Catalyses the development of pluripotent stem cells into erythrocytes.

27
Q

When can erythropoietin concentration be increased?

A

When RBC are needed more- e.g. during haemorrhage, anaemia etc.

28
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells.

29
Q

What are leukocytes involved in?

A

Immune response.

30
Q

How are leukocytes formed?

A

Leukopoiesis

31
Q

How are leukocytes characterised?

A

Larger cells, nucleated, pathogenic defence.

32
Q

Why is leukopoiesis more complex than erythropoiesis?

A

Involves a cocktail of cytokines.

33
Q

What do the cocktail of cytokines in leukopoiesis include?

A

Colony stimulating factor

Interleukins

34
Q

What do colony stimulating factors and interleukins feature in?

A

Cocktail of cytokines within leukopoiesis.

35
Q

Where are cytokines released from?

A

Endothelial cells
Fibroblasts
Mature WBC

36
Q

What does bacterial infection stimulate?

A

Increased production of neutrophils.

37
Q

What does viral infection stimulate?

A

Increased production of lymphocytes.

38
Q

Why is the cytokine cocktail in leukopoiesis described as dynamic?

A

It can be altered to produce certain types of cells during specific times of need (e.g. specific infections).

39
Q

What are platelets?

A

Membrane bound fragments derived from megakaryocytic.

40
Q

Are platelets nucleated?

A

Rarely.

41
Q

What is the formation of platelets governed by?

A

Thrombopoietin.

42
Q

What do platelets do in clotting?

A

Adhere to damaged cell endothelium and exposed connective tissue.

43
Q

Do platelets adhere to healthy cell endothelium?

A

No.

44
Q

What is the haematocrit?

A

The ratio of the RBC volume in comparison to the total volume of blood.

45
Q

What is the usual RBC percentage in the haematocrit?

A

40-50% - lower in women.

46
Q

When would the haematocrit differ?

A

Pathological conditions, anaemia, pregnancy etc.

47
Q

What is viscosity of blood?

A

Blood viscosity describes the thickness of blood in comparison to water.

48
Q

What does blood viscosity depend on?

A

Haematocrit
Temperature
Flow rate

Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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