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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the immune system?

A

To protect against pathogens.

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any organism which can harm the body.

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3
Q

Give some examples of common pathogens.

A

Bacteria / viruses / parasites / fungi / protzoa.

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4
Q

What are the 2 division of the immune system?

A

Innate immunity

Adaptive immunity

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5
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

The first to come into play- it is non-specific and will produce a response time and time again without capacity for immunological memory.

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6
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

Takes a few days to come into play- it is highly specific and will have capacity for immunological memory.

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7
Q

Is innate or adaptive immunity the first to come into play?

A

Innate.

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8
Q

What type of immunity is highly specific?

A

Adaptive.

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9
Q

What type of immunity has the capacity for immunological memory?

A

Adaptive.

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10
Q

Does innate immunity have the capacity for immunological memory.

A

No.

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11
Q

What must a pathogen do before it can infect the body?

A

Attach to and penetrate the epithelial barriers of the body.

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12
Q

How can the skin defend against pathogens?

A

Cilia- hair-like structures found in nasal passages to sweep pathogens away
Mucosal epithelial cells produce mucus to coat surfaces
Tears/sweat have a flushing action.

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13
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair-like structures found in nasal passages to sweep pathogens away.

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14
Q

How does sweat defend against pathogens?

A

High in NaCl / lysozyme.

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15
Q

How does the stomach protect against pathogens?

A

Acidic environment and secretion of digestive enzymes.

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16
Q

What do tears and sweat contain that can protect against pathogens?

A

Lysosomes.

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17
Q

What is utilised in innate immunity?

A

Composition of blood.

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18
Q

What components of blood are utilised in innate immunity?

A

Plasma- complement proteins / cytokines

WBC

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19
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells.

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20
Q

How are WBC derived?

A

Leukopoiesis.

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21
Q

What 4 types of WBC are seen in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages (monocytes)
Eosinophils
Basophils

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22
Q

What are the most abundant WBC in blood?

A

Neutrophils.

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23
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Most abundant, effective phagocytes, fast response to stimuli.

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24
Q

Do neutrophils have a fast response?

A

Yes- but short half-life.

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25
Q

What happens in phagocytosis?

A

Phagocyte moves to pathogen, attaches it, endocytosis and destruction through lysosome occurs.

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26
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating.

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27
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Migrate into cells and form phagocytes.

Process antigens and present them to immune system.

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28
Q

How does macrophage phagocytosis compare to neutrophil phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages engulf way more.

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29
Q

Do neutrophils or macrophages carry out most of phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages.

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30
Q

Do neutrophils or macrophages appear first in tissues?

A

Neutrophils.

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31
Q

How do macrophages act regarding antigens?

A

Process antigens and present them to the immune system.

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32
Q

Do macrophages have a longer life span than neutrophils?

A

Yes.

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33
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Help combat parasitic infection.

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34
Q

What type of cell primarily helps combat parasitic infection?

A

Eosinophils.

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35
Q

What conditions are eosinophils often involved in?

A

Allergy and asthma.

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36
Q

What do eosinophil granules contain?

A

Many enzymes.

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37
Q

What can mast cell activation lead to?

A

Anaphylactic shock through hypersensitivity and autoimmunity reactions.

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38
Q

What stimulates mast cell activation in the hypersensitivity I response?

A

Immunoglobulin E binding to FceR1 receptors.

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39
Q

What are basophils?

A

Least common WBC, contain large cytoplasmic granules with inflammatory mediators, no proven function, found in parasitic infection.

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40
Q

What are the least common WBC?

A

Basophils.

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41
Q

What type of infection are basophils often seen in?

A

Parasitic.

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42
Q

Do basophils have a proven function?

A

No.

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43
Q

What do basophils contain?

A

Large cytoplasmic granules with inflammatory mediators?

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44
Q

What type fo WBC contain large cytoplasmic granules with inflammatory mediators?

A

Basophils.

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45
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Important part of innate immunity as they kill viruses, bacteria, infected cells and cancer cells.

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46
Q

Can natural killer cells kill cancer cells?

A

Yes.

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47
Q

What is the complement system?

A

The complement system is a family of 20 different proteins in the blood plasma which are involved in killing microbes and enhancing the immune response.

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48
Q

How is the complement system activated?

A

Like a cascade- they interact sequentially with each other.

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49
Q

What does the complement system ultimately lead to?

A

Microbe lysis.

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50
Q

Where does the complement system exist?

A

Blood plasma.

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51
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cytokines are small proteins secreted by immune cells in response to a stimulus.

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52
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Communicate with other cells and affect their behaviour. They are ultimately signalling molecules which have a role in innate and adaptive immunity?

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53
Q

What are signalling molecules called?

A

Cytokines.

54
Q

What are cytokines secreted by and why?

A

Secreted by immune cells in response to a infector stimulus.

55
Q

In what type of immunity do cytokines play a role?

A

Primarily innate but are effective in both.

56
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

General term give to the protective response given by all WBC in response to damage/infection which involves healing and repair.

57
Q

What does the inflammatory response work to do?

A

Destroy the pathogen/microbe and work to heal and repair the tissue.

58
Q

What are the symptoms of the inflammatory response?

A

Cardinal signs of dolor (pain), calor (heat), tumour (swelling), rubor (redness), and loss of function.

59
Q

What is the inflammatory response often affected by?

A

Chemical mediators such as C3a / C5a.

60
Q

In what responses is the inflammatory response often initiated?

A

Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity responses.

61
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Drainage of fluid, immunity, absorption/transport of fats and fatty acids.

62
Q

What is the lymphatic system composed of?

A 
Lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic organs (primary / secondary)
63
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Places where blood cells are produced and receive their early training.

64
Q

Give two examples of primary lymphoid organs.

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

65
Q

What are the bone marrow and thymus examples of?

A

Primary lymphoid organs.

66
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens.

67
Q

What lymphoid organs are sites if lymphocyte activation by antigens?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs.

68
Q

Give 2 examples of secondary lymphoid organs.

A

Lymph nodes

Spleen

69
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Encapsulated, vascularised organs which are located around the body- they have access to antigens encountered in most tissues and function to produce an adaptive immune response.

70
Q

What type of immune response to lymph nodes function to produce?

A

Adaptive.

71
Q

What is the spleen?

A

Organ in UL abdominal quadrant which functions to filter. blood.

72
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Filtering blood.

73
Q

What does red pulp contain in the spleen?

A

Different types of blood cell.

74
Q

What does white pulp contain in the spleen?

A

Lymphocytes.

75
Q

What are the lymph nodes and spleen an example of?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs.

76
Q

What is MALT (Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue)?

A

Own system of lymph nodes which some areas of epithelium have.

77
Q

What is an example of MALT?

A

Peyer’s Patches.

78
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

Patches of smooth cells embedded in the villi-covered small intestine.

79
Q

What do smooth cells embedded in the villi-covered small intestine form?

A

Peyer’s patches.

80
Q

What are the tonsils an example of?

A

Lymphoid tissue.

81
Q

What are the 3 stages of immune defence?

A

Recognition of danger
Production of specific weapons
Transport of weapons to the site of attack

82
Q

What are the two types of T-cell?

A

CD8 cytotoxic T cells

CD4 helper T cells

83
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells do?

A

Release perforin when exposed to infected/dysfunctional somatic cells. Forms pores on the target cell and can initiate apoptosis.

84
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells release?

A

Perforin.

85
Q

What process can cytotoxic T-cells induce?

A

Apoptosis.

86
Q

What do helper T-cells do?

A

Cannot kill the infected cell or pathogen- they activate and direct other immune cells and are essential in the activation of Tc cells.

87
Q

Can helper T-cells destroy the infected cell or pathogen?

A

No.

88
Q

What are helper T-cells essential in the activation of?

A

Essential in the activation of cytotoxic T-cells.

89
Q

What receptors are on cytotoxic T-cells?

A

CD8+ receptors, recognise antigen when bound to MHC 1.

90
Q

What must CD8 receptors be bound to in order to recognise the antigen?

A

MHC I.

91
Q

Where is MHC I found?

A

Virtually all nucleated cells.

92
Q

What does MHC I present?

A

Presents virally induced peptides to trigger cytotoxic response.

93
Q

What type of T-cell receptors recognise antigens when bound to MHC I?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic.

94
Q

What type of MHC is found in virtually all nucleated cells?

A

MHC I.

95
Q

What type of MHC presents virally induced peptides to trigger a cytotoxic response?

A

MHC I.

96
Q

What receptors are on helper T-cells?

A

CD4+ receptors, recognise antigen when bound to MHC II.

97
Q

What must CD4 receptors be bound to in order to recognise the antigen?

A

MHC II.

98
Q

Where are MHC II found?

A

Professional Antigen Presenting Cells.

99
Q

What does MHC II do?

A

Presents exogenously produced Ag to T-cells.

100
Q

What does MHC II activate?

A

B-cells and macrophages.

101
Q

What type of T-cell receptors recognise antigens when bound to MHC I?

A

CD4+ helper.

102
Q

What type of MHC is found in Professional Antigen Presenting Cells?

A

MHC II.

103
Q

What type of MHC presents exogenously produced Ag to T-cells?

A

MHC II.

104
Q

What type of MHC allows activation of B-cells and macrophages?

A

MHC II.

105
Q

What must T-cells learn not to recognise?

A

Self-antigens and Ag with own MHC.

106
Q

What does the learning of T-cells not to recognise own antigens/MHC give rise to?

A

Positive selection
Negative selection
No selection

107
Q

How can immunological memory arise?

A

Immunological memory can arise from fully or partially differentiated T-cells which allows the potential for further differentiation on secondary exposure with antigen.

108
Q

What requires fully/partially differentiated T-cells?

A

Immunological memory.

109
Q

What is the humeral immune response mediated by?

A

B-cells.

110
Q

What is cell-mediated immune response mediated by?

A

T-cells.

111
Q

What are B-cells involved in?

A

Humeral immunity.

112
Q

Where are B-cells produced?

A

Bone marrow.

113
Q

What do B-cells develop into?

A

Plasma cells.

114
Q

What do B-cells express?

A

Surface immunoglobulin.

115
Q

What type of cell expresses surface immunoglobulin?

A

B-cells.

116
Q

What does surface immunoglobulin act as on B-cells?

A

Antigen receptor.

117
Q

When are B-cells developed into plasma cells?

A

On activation for antibody production.

118
Q

What does conversion of B-cells into plasma cells allow?

A

Antibody production.

119
Q

Why is it more important to tolerise T-cells than B-cells?

A

Because B-cells require T-cells for antibody production.

120
Q

What do B-cells require for antibody production?

A

T-cells.

121
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Largest Y-shaped protein used to neutralise pathogens.

122
Q

What are antibodies called?

A

Immunoglubulin (5 types).

123
Q

What shape are antibodies?

A

Y-shaped.

124
Q

How many types of antibodies are there?

A

5.

125
Q

What is active immunity compared to passive immunity?

A

Active immunity- from hosts own immune system

Passive immunity- transfer from other individual

126
Q

Does active or passive immunity develop faster?

A

Passive.

127
Q

Are memory cells produced in active / passive immunity?

A

Produced in active immunity but not passive.

128
Q

Is protection permanent in active / passive immunity?

A

Permanent in active immunity.

129
Q

What are natural and artificial sources of active immunity?

A

Natural - infection

Artificial - vaccination

130
Q

What is a source of passive immunity?

A

Mother to child.

Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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