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Science for Medicine > Autonomic Physiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Unconscious activity.

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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3
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

Fight / flight response.

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4
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

Rest / digest response.

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5
Q

What does the somatic nervous system act directly on?

A

Skeletal muscle for voluntary movement.

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6
Q

What synapse characterises the somatic nervous system?

A

Neuromuscular junction.

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7
Q

What type of receptors are featured in somatic control?

A

Ionotropic receptors (those that act as ion channels).

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8
Q

Does the somatic nervous system always excite a response?

A

Yes.

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9
Q

What type of synapse characterises the autonomic nervous system?

A

CNS synapse.

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10
Q

What type of receptors are featured in autonomic control?

A

Metabotropic.

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11
Q

Does the autonomic nervous system always excite a response?

A

No- can excite/inhibit.

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12
Q

What regions of the sign do the sympathetic nerve fibres exit from?

A

Thoracic and lumbar.

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13
Q

Where do the ganglia lie in sympathetic nerve fibres?

A

Close to the spinal cord.

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14
Q

What are the autonomic neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine

Noradrenaline / adrenaline

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15
Q

What type of receptors does acetylcholine act on?

A

Cholinergic (nicotinic/muscarinic)

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptor?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

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17
Q

What type of receptors do noradrenaline/adrenaline act on?

A

Adrenergic receptors (A/B)

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptor?

A

Alpha

Beta

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19
Q

What type of receptors are nicotinic and muscarinic receptors?

A

Cholinergic.

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20
Q

What neurotransmitter acts on cholinergic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine.

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21
Q

What type of receptors are alpha/beta receptors?

A

Adrenergic.

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22
Q

What neurotransmitter acts on adrenergic receptors?

A

Noradrenaline / adrenaline.

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23
Q

What do preganglionic fibres release in the sympathetic nervous system and what does it bind to?

A

Acetylcholine- binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

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24
Q

What do postganglionic fibres release in the sympathetic nervous system and what do they bind to?

A

Noradrenaline- binds to A/B adrenergic receptors.

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25
Q

What do postganglionic fibres of the adrenal medulla do?

A

Have no axons but release adrenaline/noradrenaline into the bloodstream.

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26
Q

Does the sympathetic nervous system have a hormonal component?

A

Yes- the adrenal medulla postganglionic fibres can release adrenaline/noradrenaline.

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27
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve fibres exit the spinal cord?

A

Cranial and sacral regions.

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28
Q

Where do ganglia lie in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

In or around the target- away from the spinal cord.

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29
Q

What do preganglionic fibres release in the parasympathetic nervous system and what do they bind to?

A

Acetylcholine- binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

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30
Q

What do postganglionic fibres release in the parasympathetic nervous system and what do they bind to?

A

Acetylcholine- binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

31
Q

What do characteristic responses of the sympathetic and autonomic nervous system depend on?

A

The neurotransmitters released and the receptors acted on.

32
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the eyes?

A

Ciliary muscle relaxes, radial muscle of iris contracts to dilate pupil and allow long-distance sight.

33
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic effect on the eye?

A

B2 on ciliary muscle

A1 on radial muscle of iris

34
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the eyes?

A

Ciliary muscle contracts, radial muscle of iris dilates to constrict pupil and allow short-distance sight.

35
Q

What receptors are involved in the parasympathetic effect on the eye?

A

Muscarinic receptors.

36
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the heart?

A

Increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

37
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic effect on the heart?

A

B2 receptors on pacemaker cells

B1 receptors on myocytes

38
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the heart?

A

Decreases heart rate and strength of contraction.

39
Q

What receptors are involved in the parasympathetic effect on the heart?

A

Muscarinic on pacemaker cells

No myocyte effect

40
Q

Does the parasympathetic nervous system have any effect on cardiac myocytes?

A

No.

41
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the lungs?

A

Relaxes smooth muscle and dilates airways.

42
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic effect on the lungs?

A

B2 receptors on smooth muscle.

43
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the lungs?

A

Contracts smooth muscle and constricts airways.

44
Q

What receptors are involved in the parasympathetic effect on the lungs?

A

Muscarinic receptors.

45
Q

What is the therapeutic relevance of parasympathetic action on B2 receptors to promote airway dilation?

A

B2 agonists can be used in therapeutic lung conditions such as asthma- e.g. SALBUTAMOL.

46
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the blood vessels?

A

Makes smooth muscle contract- BF

47
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic effect on the blood vessels?

A

A1- contraction

B2- dilation

48
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the blood vessels?

A

No effect.

49
Q

Does the parasympathetic nervous system have any effect on blood vessels?

A

No.

50
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the gut?

A

Decreased motility and inhibited enzyme secretion.

51
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic effect on the gut?

A

Alpha/beta.

52
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the gut?

A

Increased motility and increased enzyme secretion.

53
Q

What receptors are involved in the parasympathetic effect on the gut?

A

Muscarinic.

54
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on energy stores?

A

Stimulate glycolytic / gluconeogenetic processes

Stimulate lipolysis

55
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic effect on energy stores?

A

A/B receptors.

56
Q

Does the parasympathetic nervous system have any effect on energy stores?

A

No.

57
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the salivary gland?

A

Stimulation of thick enzyme secretion.

58
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic effect on the salivary gland?

A

B-receptors.

59
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the salivary gland?

A

Stimulates profuse watery secretion.

60
Q

What receptors are involved in the parasympathetic effect on the salivary gland?

A

Muscarinic.

61
Q

What is autonomic action on the salivary gland an example of?

A

Dual innervation with non-antagonistic actions.

62
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the bladder?

A

Relaxes bladder wall smooth muscle and releases pressure

Contracts sphincter smooth muscle and stops urination

63
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic effect on the bladder?

A

B2 bladder wall

A1 sphincter

64
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the bladder?

A

Contracts smooth muscle of bladder wall and increases pressure.
Constricts sphincter smooth muscle and stops urination.

65
Q

What receptors are involved in the parasympathetic effect on the bladder?

A

Muscarinic.

66
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the reproductive tract?

A

Contracts urethra smooth muscle and causes ejaculation.

67
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic effect on the reproductive tract?

A

A1

68
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the reproductive tract?

A

Relaxes smooth muscle and causes erection.

69
Q

What receptors are involved in the parasympathetic effect on the reproductive tract?

A

Muscarinic.

70
Q

What is autonomic action on the reproductive tract an example of?

A

Dual innervation with a complementary effect.

71
Q

What controls action of the autonomic nervous system on organs?

A 
Autonomic reflexes- e.g. baroreceptor reflex (BP)
Central control (hypothalamus- homeostatic mechanism).
72
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

Reflex monitoring blood pressure.

73
Q

What can dual innervation be?

A

Antagonistic or complementary.

74
Q

What is single innervation controlled by?

A

Tone.

Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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