Tissues

Question 1

What is epithelium

Answer 1

Lie on a basement membrane of collagen and glycoproteins that is secreted by the cells beneath the epithelium and holds the cells together
Simple – once cell thick
Compound – more than one cell thick

Question 2

What is squamous epithelium

Answer 2

tissue single layer of flat cells lining a surface, often an exchange surface, is thin to allow rapid diffusion

Question 3

What is Ciliated epithelium

Answer 3

Ciliated epithelium – layer of cells covered in cilia. Found on surfaces where things need to movwe e.g. in the trachea to waft mucus towards mouth out of lungs. More mitochondria to provide energy for this .

Question 4

What are tissues

Answer 4

Group of cells working together to do a particular function

Question 5

What does Covering and lining epithelium do

Answer 5

Cells from a continuous protective layer covering in internal (body cavities, major organs, blood vessels) or external surface (skin)
The cells are held together at their common boundaries by a thin layer of intracellular substance
One surface is free and often highly specialised
The opposite surface rests on a basement membrane derived from the underlying connective tissue. It is made of a network of white, wavy, non elastic collagen fibres
All the vital ‘traffic’ passes through epithelia

Question 6

What does glandular epithelium do

Answer 6

Gland is an organ largely composed of specialised secretory cells
Makes up glands such as sweat glands in skin, salivary glands, mucus secreting goblet cells in lining of respiratory tract, mammary glands, intestinal glands
Exocrine – connected to surface epithelium through ducts
Endocrine, secrete hormones, no ducts and lose their epithelial connections

Question 7

What does simple epithelium consist of

Answer 7

Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cell – one cell thick

Question 8

What is Simple Squamous epithelium

Answer 8

Lining tissue found covering the body surface and various organs.
It forms an inner lining for many tubes, ducts and spaces where it is generally referred to as endothelium.
Simple squamous epithelium consists of a layer of flattened scale-like cells that rest on a basement membrane.
It is found lining air sacs of lungs and forms the innermost layer of the walls of arteries and veins.

Question 9

What is Simple Columnar

Answer 9

Column shaped cells are taller than they are wide
Various types.
Found lining the gut from the stomach region to the anus.
Ciliated columnar epithelial: Found lining the trachea and fallopian tubes
Columnar epithelial cells with goblet cells that secrete mucus. Found in the intestine and lining ducts of many glands.

Question 10

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

Answer 10

Consists of a single layer of cube shaped cells.
isodiametric cells
Covers the surface of the ovary and lines ducts of many glands i.e digestive tract

Question 11

What is pseudo stratified

Answer 11

False layer , (only one layer of cells but because the nuclei are in different positions it appears that there are many layers )

Question 12

What does complex epithelium const of ?

Answer 12

Complex epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells and is described as stratified.

Question 13

What is stratified

Answer 13

Many cells thick
Several layers of cell that range in shape from columnar in the deep layers to squamous in the upper layers.
Multilayered nature makes it ideal as a protective covering or lining for many organs. Forms an outer layer of skin and found lining the mouth, oesophagus, vagina

Question 14

Stratified transitional epithelium

Answer 14

Modified form of stratified epithelial.
Typically three to four layers of small cells capable of considerable distension
These cells are able to change their shape, e.g. when stretched.
Found lining the bladder which is subject to stretching forces.

Question 15

Cilliated

Answer 15

Having cilia

Trachea

Question 16

There are 3 types of muscle:

Answer 16

Cardiac –in the heart
Smooth – in BVs, gut, oviducts etc
Skeletal/striped muscle –dealt with here
Muscle is mainly protein, when contraction takes place filaments slide over each other; the muscle becomes shorter but fatter.

Question 17

Skeletal muscle

Answer 17

Skeletal muscle is essential for voluntary movement, but is also constantly used for maintaining posture. It covers the skeleton and allows bones to be moved relative to one another.
Muscles are usually attached to bones by a form of inelastic tissue called a tendon.

The voluntary nervous system controls skeletal muscle by sending messages from the central nervous system to the muscle tissue

Question 18

Cardiac muscle

Answer 18

Cardiac muscle is only found in the ventricle and atrium walls in the heart.

Question 19

Cardiac muscle

Answer 19

Cardiac muscle is only found in the ventricle and atrium walls in the heart.

Cardiac muscle contracts rhythmically throughout its lifespan and does not become fatigued.

Cardiac muscle is myogenic. The impulses that cause the muscle fibres to contract are initiated within the heart itself.

Question 20

Skeletal and cardiac muscle similarities

Answer 20

Both types appear striated as a result of the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomeres of the muscle fibres. 
The sarcolemma (plasma membrane) of both types has invaginations called T-tubules that spread depolarization throughout the cell.

Question 21

Cardiac muscle

Answer 21

Cardiac muscle cells usually have a single (central) nucleus.
The cells are often branched, and are tightly connected by specialised junctions.
The region where the ends of the cells are connected to another cell is called an intercalated disc.

Question 22

Where is the nucleus located in cardiac muscle? Where is it located in skeletal muscle fibres

Answer 22

Cardiac muscle, the nucleus is located centrally. Occasionally, cardiac muscle is bi-nucleated. While skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleated in which the nuclei are peripherally located

Question 23

Where are intercalated discs found and what are they?

Answer 23

Intercalated discs are seen. Intercalated discs are specialized junctions between cardiac cells.

Question 24

What is endomysium

Answer 24

Endomysium is the connective tissue covering of an individual muscle cell.

Question 25

What is the size comparison between heart and skeletal muscle

Answer 25

Cardiac muscles fibres are of smaller diameter (about 15 micrometers) than most skeletal muscle fibres (10-100 micrometers)

Question 26

Connective tissue

Answer 26

Connective tissue - Structure
Support
Connects two types of tissues to each other

Question 27

Examples of connective tissue

Answer 27

Cartilage 
Bone 
Blood
Connective tissue proper 
Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
Dense (collagenous and elastic)

Question 28

Nerve

Answer 28

Carries information to and from the brain
Controls how the body works
CNS and PNS

Neurones – conduct nerve impusles
Supporting cells such as Schwann cells