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Anatomy & Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

0
Q

List five types of junctions

A

tight jxns, desmosomes, adherens jxns, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions

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1
Q

List the four types of tissue

A

muscle, connective, skeletal, nervous

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3
Q

List five functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion/filtration, housing sensory receptors

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4
Q

Describe the functions of connective tissue

A

protects, supports, binds together, stores energy reserves, provides immunity, transports nutrients & waste

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5
Q

Describe the functions of muscle tissue

A

thermoregulation, movement and force

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5
Q

Where are tight junctions commonly found?

A

epithelial lining of stomach, intestines, urinary bladder

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6
Q

Describe the function of nervous tissue

A

detects changes and responds by conducting electrical impulses to relay information or instructions

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7
Q

Where are adherens junctions commonly found?

A

intestines

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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of tight junctions

A

web-like transmembrane proteins, inhibit passage of substances btwn cells, aka leaking

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9
Q

Where are desmosomes commonly found?

A

epidermis and cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Describe the structure and function of adherens junctions

A

form adhesion belts which glue the cells together

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11
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes commonly found?

A

against a basement membrane

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of desmosomes

A

spot weld-like junctions, connect intracellular keratinous filaments to prevent cells from separating or rupturing under tension

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13
Q

Where are gap junctions commonly found?

A

avascular tissues, nerves and muscles

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14
Q

Describe the structure and function of hemidesmosomes

A

adhere cells to basement membrane, connect intracellular keratinous filaments to prevent cells from separating or rupturing under tension

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15
Q

What kind of junctions are commonly found in nerve tissue?

A

gap junctions

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16
Q

Describe the structure and function of gap junctions

A

intercellular, provide passage for small molecules necessary for rapid transportation or communication

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17
Q

What kind of junctions are commonly found in epithelial tissue?

A

tight, desmosomes

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18
Q

List the five functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, houses sensory receptors

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19
Q

What is a gland?

A

one or more cells which secrete a particular substance

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21
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ductless, secrete directly into surroundings (eg hormones)

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22
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete through a duct (eg enzymes, mucus, bodily fluids)

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23
Q

List the two surfaces of epithelial tissue and where it attaches

A

apical surface, basal surface, attaches to connective tissue

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24
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

filtration & diffusion

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25
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium?

A

absorption & secretion

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26
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

mucus secretion

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27
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection from abrasion

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28
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium?

A

protection & secretion

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29
Q

What is the function of transitional epithellium?

A

stretchy

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30
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?

A

air sacs in the lungs, vessel linings, serous membranes

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31
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

glands, kidney tubules

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32
Q

Where can non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

digestive tract

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33
Q

Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

upper respiratory tract, mainly ciliated

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34
Q

Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

epidermis, tongue, esophagus, vagina

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35
Q

Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

sweat & mammary glands

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36
Q

Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

urethra, conjunctiva of eye

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37
Q

Where can transitional epithelium be found?

A

urinary bladder

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38
Q

basement membrane

A

basal lamina superficial to reticular lamina, attaches epithelium to connective tissue below

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39
Q

microvilli

A

extensions of cell membrane for increasing its surface area allowing for better absorption or secretion of
substances

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40
Q

cilia

A

hair-like projection from cell for moving substances along its surface

41
Q

Where can ciliated simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

bronchioles, fallopian tubes, uterus, sinuses

42
Q

Where is epithelium found?

A

covers body surfaces, lines organs and cavities, forms glands

43
Q

What is the main type of tissue found in glands?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

44
Q

Give three examples of endocrine glands

A

thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, gonadal

45
Q

Give three examples of exocrine glands

A

sebaceous, sudiferous, salivary

46
Q

List the five types of connective tissue

A

cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bones, blood

47
Q

What are the two main components of connective tissue?

A

specialized cells & extracellular matrix

48
Q

What are the main components of the extracellular matrix?

A

extracellular protein fibres & ground substance

49
Q

List three fibres found in connective tissue

A

collagen, elastin, reticular fibres

50
Q

Describe collagen and where it is commonly found

A

flexible and strong, most abundant protein in the body, found in bones & cartilage

51
Q

Describe elastin and where it is commonly found

A

able to return to their original shape and length after being stretched, found in skin, vessel walls, and lung tissue

52
Q

Reticular fibres vs collagen

A

reticular fibres are also made of collagen but arranged differently, used as a frame for many structures

53
Q

What is unique about cartilage as a form of connective tissue?

A

avascular (no nerves or vessels), slow healing, high water content

54
Q

List the different classes of connective tissue

A

loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood

55
Q

List the subcategories of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

56
Q

Areolar tissue

A

loose connective tissue that binds and supports organs, most proliferous in the body

57
Q

Adipose tissue

A

loose connective tissue that stores energy, insulates, protects

58
Q

Reticular tissue

A

loose connective tissue that forms a network for support and filters out unwelcome substances/organisms

59
Q

Where can areolar tissue be found?

A

beneath epithelium, between muscles, in body cavities

60
Q

Where can adipose tissue be found?

A

under the skin and lining the organs of the abdomen

61
Q

Where can reticular tissue be found

A

networks found in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

62
Q

List the subcategories of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

63
Q

Describe dense irregular tissue and where it is found

A

withstands stresses applied from any direction, found in dermis and outer layers of kidneys and spleen

64
Q

Describe dense regular tissue and where it is found

A

provides tensile strength and flexibility for anchoring muscle to bone and bones to one another, found in tendons & ligaments

65
Q

Describe dense elastic tissue and where it is found

A

provides strength and stretchiness, found in vessel walls

66
Q

cartilaginous cell

A

chondrocyte

67
Q

What are the subcategories of cartilage?

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

68
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage and where it is found

A

provides support, flexibility, and shock absorption; found at the ends of long bones, voicebox, nose, btwn sternum & ribs

69
Q

Describe fibrocartilage and where it is found

A

provides cushioning and protection; found in intervertebral discs, knees, btwn pubic bones

70
Q

Describe elastic cartilage and where it is found

A

provides support and structure; found in external ear and epiglottis

71
Q

bone tissue, aka

A

osseous tissue

72
Q

blood tissue, aka

A

vascular connective tissue

73
Q

bone tissue matrix

A

hard, made of calcium salts

74
Q

blood tissue matrix, aka

A

plasma

75
Q

serous membranes & fluid

A

line the ventral body cavities, lubricate walls of the cavity for organs as they move or expand & contract

76
Q

Pericardium

A

serous membrane which lines the heart cavity

77
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane which lines the lung cavity

78
Q

Peritoneum

A

serous membrane which lines the abdominopelvic cavity

79
Q

What are the two main components of nervous tissue?

A

neurons & neuroglia

80
Q

neuroglia, aka

A

glial cells

81
Q

What are the three classes of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

82
Q

actin & myosin

A

protein microfilaments found in muscle cells

83
Q

What protein microfilaments are found in muscle cells?

A

actin & myosin

84
Q

skeletal muscle, aka

A

striated voluntary muscle

85
Q

smooth muscle, aka

A

nonstriated involuntary muscle

86
Q

cardiac muscle, aka

A

striated involuntary muscle

87
Q

Where can skeletal muscle be found, and how does it behave?

A

attached to the bones of the skeleton, contracts and releases quickly

88
Q

Where can smooth muscle be found?

A

found in internal organs and vessels, contracts slower and stays contracted longer

89
Q

Describe cardiac muscle and how it behaves

A

similar in appearance to skeletal muscle except cells are branching, behaves like smooth muscle, controlled by specialized nerve cells

90
Q

What are two types of tissue repair?

A

regeneration & fibrosis

91
Q

Tissue regeneration

A

damaged cells are replaced by identical cells, only occurs in tissues where rapid mitosis occurs

92
Q

Tissue fibrosis

A

damaged cells replaced with fibrous connective tissue, aka scar tissue, that lacks the elasticity and normal functioning of the tissue it replaced

93
Q

What are the three steps for tissue repair?

A

inflammation, organization, remodelling

94
Q

Why does aging affect tissues?

A

cellular repair and maintenance becomes less efficient and therefore cellular composition changes over time

95
Q

Describe how each type of tissue is affected by aging

A

connective tissues become more fragile, epithelial tissue become thinner, muscle tissues lose mass and strength, nervous tissue function deteriorates and is less efficient

96
Q

Give an example of how epithelial tissue is affected by aging

A

wrinkles

97
Q

Give two example of how connective tissue is affected by aging

A

bones become more brittle, bruising occurs more easily, joint/cartilage deterioration, loss of height due to intervertebral cartilaginous disks deteriorating

98
Q

Give an example of how muscle tissue is affected by aging

A

heart is less efficient, loss of muscle mass and strength

99
Q

Give an example of how nervous tissue is affected by aging

A

memory loss, dementia

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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