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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

structures found in the CNS

A

BRAIN & SPINAL CORD are found in which division of the nervous system?

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1
Q

the two main divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

structures found in the PNS

A

NERVES & GANGLIA are found in which division of the nervous system?

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3
Q

subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

SOMATIC nervous system and AUTONOMIC nervous system are subdivisions of which larger division of the nervous system?

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4
Q

Role of the somatic nervous system

A

responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle stimulation

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5
Q

Role of the autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary control of organs, glands, cardiac, smooth muscle

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6
Q

subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

SYMPATHETIC nervous system and PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system are subdivisions of which larger division within the nervous system?

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7
Q

system which controls “fight or flight reactions” (emergency, self-preservation)

A

role of sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

role of parasympathetic nervous system

A

system which controls “feed and breed” and “rest and digest” (digestion, reproduction, sleep, elimination, glandular activities)

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9
Q

What are the sensory functions of nervous system?

A

nerves gather sensory info from internal & external environments

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10
Q

SIM

A

Acronym for the three general functions of the nervous system

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11
Q

What are the integrative functions of nervous system?

A

brain processes, interprets, develops plan

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12
Q

motor functions of nervous system

A

convey info from CNS to muscles and glands (acts out the communicated plan)

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13
Q

The only two types of cells found in the nervous system

A

neurons & neuroglia

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14
Q

glia, aka

A

neuroglia, aka

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15
Q

electrical impulse conducted by a nerve cell

A

action potential

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16
Q

basic functional difference btwn neurological cells

A

neurons conduct electrical impulses and neuroglia support, nourish and protect neurons

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17
Q

three main components of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon are the basic components of what type of neurological cell?

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18
Q

cell body, aka

A

perikaryon, soma

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19
Q

soma, aka

A

cell body, perikaryon

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20
Q

perikaryon, aka

A

soma, cell body

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21
Q

organelle which is missing from NEURONS

A

type of cell that is missing CENTRIOLES

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22
Q

why can’t neurons replicate?

A

missing centrioles necessary for mitosis

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23
Q

organelle unique to neurons

A

Nissl bodies are unique to which type of neurological cell?

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24
Q

Nissl bodies

A

specialized rough ER, unique to neurons, synthesize neurofibrils and microtubules which transport material within the cell

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25
Q

function of dendrites

A

receive and transmit action potentials toward the cell body

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26
Q

function of axons

A

receive and transmit action potentials away from the cell body

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27
Q

collaterals

A

branches of an axon

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28
Q

axon terminals, aka

A

synaptic knobs, aka

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29
Q

axon terminals

A

hundreds of branches at the end of an axon that contain neurotransmitters

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30
Q

synaptic knobs

A

hundreds of branches at the end of an axon that contain neurotransmitters

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31
Q

covering of an axon

A

myelin sheath

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32
Q

the three structural classes of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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33
Q

most common structure of a neuron

A

multipolar

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34
Q

How are neurons classified by their structure?

A

classification based upon the number of processes that extend from the cell body of a neuron

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35
Q

structure of a multipolar neuron

A

neuron type having many dendritic processes and one axon extending from the cell body

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36
Q

structure of a bipolar neuron

A

neuron type having only one dendritic processes and one axon extending from the cell body

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38
Q

structure of a unipolar neuron

A

neuron type having only one process extending from the cell body, found in ganglia

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39
Q

Describe nodes of Ranvier and their purpose

A

gaps in the myelin sheath btwn Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS) that increase the speed at which an action potential is transmitted because it doesn’t have to travel through the cell membranes, just btwn the nodes

40
Q

motor neurons, aka

A

efferent neurons, aka

41
Q

interneurons, aka

A

association neurons, aka

42
Q

function of sensory neurons

A

carry impulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS

43
Q

function of motor neurons

A

carry impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors

44
Q

function of interneurons

A

found only within the CNS; receive incoming impulses from sensory neurons, communicate with one another within the CNS, and send outgoing impulses to motor neurons

45
Q

Sensory, Integrative, Motor

A

the three general functions of the nervous system

46
Q

Which neurological cell is capable of mitosis?

A

neuroglia

47
Q

What are the six types of neuroglia?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, satellite cells

48
Q

What are the two types of neuroglia found in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells & satellite cells have what in common?

49
Q

What are the two types of neuroglia found in the CNS?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells have what in common?

50
Q

What is a nerve?

A

bundle of nerve cell fibres that follow the same path within the PNS

51
Q

nerve cell fibres

A

axons & dendrites

52
Q

What is a tract?

A

bundle of nerve cell fibres that follow the same path within the CNS

53
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS

54
Q

neurological nucleus

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

55
Q

composition of the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes form a wall around the outside of blood vessels

56
Q

function of the blood-brain barrier

A

protective barrier that keeps harmful substances from entering the brain

57
Q

composition of myelin sheath

A

concentric layers of white fatty material, aka myelin, that encloses axons

58
Q

function of the myelin sheath

A

protects and insulates axons, speeds up the transmission of action potentials

59
Q

neurolemmocytes, aka

A

Schwann cells, aka

60
Q

Schwann cells

A

form and maintain the myelin sheath around PNS axons

61
Q

neurolemmocytes

A

form and maintain the myelin sheath around PNS axons

62
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form and maintain the myelin sheath around CNS axons

63
Q

Neurological cells responsible for nerve regeneration

A

Schwann cells (type of PNS neuroglia)

64
Q

Neurological cells responsible for blocking nerve regeneration

A

astrocytes (type of neuroglia that replaces oligodendrocytes in the CNS following an injury)

65
Q

grey matter

A

tissue type within the CNS whose components lack a myelin sheath (includes cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia)

66
Q

white matter

A

tissue type within the CNS that are composed primarily of myelinated axons

67
Q

ECF

A

abbreviation for extracellular fluid

68
Q

ICF

A

abbreviation for intracellular fluid

69
Q

resting membrane potential

A

electrical potential across the plasma membrane of an excitable cell

70
Q

polarized cell

A

cell which exhibits a membrane potential

71
Q

general electrical state of a resting cell

A

an excess of cations in the ECF, and an excess of anions in the cytosol/ICF

72
Q

membrane potential

A

electrical potential difference across a cell membrane (uneven distribution of ionic charges)

73
Q

Describe the ionic distribution of an excitable cell in its resting state

A

ECF is rich in Na+ and Cl- (salty like NaCl) and overall positive, while the cytosol/ICF is rich in K+ but overall negative

74
Q

two phases of an action potential

A

depolarization & repolarization

75
Q

threshold stimulus

A

causes a strong enough depolarization effect to instigate an action potential along the remainder of the cell membrane

76
Q

synapse

A

communication bridge btwn neurons

77
Q

components of a synapse

A

presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic neuron

78
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

the neuron sending the impulse

79
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space btwn the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron

80
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

the neuron receiving the impulse

81
Q

synaptic knobs

A

the terminal ends of the axon

82
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical signal that travels btwn neurons through the synaptic cleft and changes the membrane potential in the receiving neuron, thus perpetuating the action potential

83
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

store neurotransmitters in the synaptic end bulbs

84
Q

synaptic end bulb, aka

A

synaptic knob, aka

85
Q

receptors

A

receive neurotransmitters for the postsynaptic neuron

86
Q

How are the neurotransmitters released?

A

the action potential stimulates the synaptic vesicles to release them through active transport via exocytosis

87
Q

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor?

A

ion channels then open allowing Na+ across the membrane, creating a membrane potential and triggers the continuation of an action potential

88
Q

What happens to the neurotransmitter after it has binded to the receptor?

A

quickly inactivated by specific enzymes to prevent continuation of the impulse

89
Q

ACh

A

abbrev for ACETYLCHOLINE

90
Q

NE

A

abbrev for NOREPINEPHRINE

91
Q

norepinephrine, aka

A

noradrenaline, aka

92
Q

acetylcholine

A

released at neuromuscular junctions, btwn neurons and skeletal muscle cells

93
Q

CNS equivalent of a nerve

A

PNS equivalent of a tract

94
Q

CNS equivalent of a ganglion

A

PNS equivalent of a nucleus

95
Q

What three things contribute to the resting membrane potential?

A

Na+ & K+ leak channels, ATPase pumps, and the presence of large anions within the cytosol which cannot pass through the membrane

96
Q

Where in a neuron does an action potential originate?

A

axon hillox

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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