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Anatomy & Physiology > Chemical Foundations > Flashcards

Chemical Foundations Flashcards

0
Q

Define Reduction

A

The gain of electrons during a chemical reaction

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1
Q

Define Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons during a chemical reaction

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2
Q

Define Exchange Reactions

A

A chemical reaction involving both decomposition and synthesis processes

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3
Q

Catabolism, aka

A

Decomposition reaction, aka

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4
Q

Define Decomposition Reaction

A

A chemical reaction wherein larger molecules split up into smaller particles

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5
Q

Anabolism, aka

A

Synthesis reaction, aka

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6
Q

Define Synthesis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction wherein two or more particles combine to form a larger molecule

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7
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a protein catalyst found in living organisms

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8
Q

How can a chemical reaction be sped up?

A

an increase in temperature, an increase in the reactant concentration, or by introducing a catalyst

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9
Q

What is the role of a catalyst?

A

decreases the activation energy needed to proceed with a reaction, and is present at the beginning of a reaction but remains unchanged once completed

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10
Q

What are the two single ring nucleotide bases?

A

Thymine & cytosine

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11
Q

What are the two double ring nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine & guanine

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12
Q

Define Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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13
Q

What are single ring nucleotide bases called?

A

Pyrimidines

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14
Q

What are double ring nucleotide bases called?

A

Purines

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15
Q

What happens if the body is in a state of Alkalosis?

A

blood pH levels are too high

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16
Q

What happens if the body is in a state of Acidosis?

A

blood pH levels are too low

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17
Q

What is the role of a Buffer?

A

To convert strong acids or bases into weak ones

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18
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble and hydrophobic?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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19
Q

Describe the role of each of these vitamins: A, D, E, K

A

Vitamin A used to make visual pigments in the eye
Vitamin D used in bone growth & repairs, and to regulate the body’s calcium levels
Vitamin E used to promote healing, prevent scarring, and contribute to nervous system function
Vitamin K is required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins

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20
Q

What is the molecular structure of a triglyceride?

A

one glycerol molecule head and three fatty acids chains

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21
Q

What is the difference between the carbon chain of a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

a saturated fatty acid has only single covalent bonds between the carbons of the chain, and an unsaturated fatty acid has at least one double covalent

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22
Q

What is the molecular structure of a phospholipid?

A

one glycerol molecule head, two fatty acid chain tails, and one phosphate group

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24
Q

What molecular structure is common to all steroids?

A

four carbon rings

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24
Q

What components are common to all nucleotides?

A

A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

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25
Q

Which molecule is the building block for all other steroids?

A

cholesterol

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26
Q

Define substrate

A

a reactant molecule to which only a particular enzyme will bind

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27
Q

What is an active site?

A

The part of the enzyme where the substrate fits

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28
Q

Give two examples of contractile proteins that allow the shortening of muscle cells (i.e. movement).

A

myosin and actin

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29
Q

Give two examples of structural proteins that form the structural framework for various parts of the body.

A

collagen and keratin

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30
Q

Give an example of an Immunological protein which aids in immune responses.

A

an antibody

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31
Q

Give an example of a Regulatory protein which functions to regulate processes within the body.

A

A hormone

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32
Q

Give an example of a Transport protein which carries vital gases throughout the body.

A

Hemoglobin

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33
Q

Give an example of a Catalytic protein which catalyzes particular biochemical reactions.

A

An enzyme

35
Q

Describe the general differences between DNA and RNA?

A

They use one different nucleotide base each, different pentose sugars, and DNA is a double stranded helix whereas RNA is a single stranded helix

35
Q

How many amino acids are found in the human body?

A

20

36
Q

What are the two phases of cellular respiration?

A

Anaerobic and Aerobic phases

37
Q

Describe the process that occurs during the Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration?

A

Glucose molecules are broken down into pyruvic acid and two ATP molecules

38
Q

Describe the process that occurs during the Aerobic phase of cellular respiration.

A

With the consumption of oxygen, glucose molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide and water

40
Q

What is an Amphipathic lipid? Give an example.

A

Any molecule that has both a polar and non-polar end. For example, a phospholipid is amphipathic, which causes them to line up head to head and tail to tail, creating a membrane.

41
Q

Ions

A

atoms that have gained or lost an electron, and therefore carries a charge

42
Q

Ionic bond

A

transfer of electrons to fill both electron shells

43
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing of electrons, strong and stable bond

44
Q

hydrogen bond

A

partial (+) charge of hydrogen molecule attracted to partially (-) charged area of another molecule, very weak bond which plays a role in the 3-D shape a molecule takes

45
Q

State 4 reasons that water is important within the body

A

provides a resilient cushion around organs,
great solvent for other molecules,
chemically reactive for participation in metabolic reactions,
high heat capacity/thermal resilience helps maintain thermoregulation

46
Q

Describe the pH scale

A

logarithmic scale 0-14 where 7 is neutral, based on the number of H+ ions in the solution, acids release H+ and have pH7

47
Q

pH is a logarithmic scale, meaning…

A

The higher the concentration of H+ in the solvent, the lower the pH level on the scale

48
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

49
Q

What is the function of adenosine triphosphate?

A

stores energy for metabolic reactions

50
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

a nitrogenous base (adenine), a simple sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups

51
Q

What is the chemical composition of a nucleic acid?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

52
Q

What is the molecular structure of a nucleic acid?

A

nitrogeneous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

53
Q

Name the two classes of nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

54
Q

What is the chemical composition of an amino acid?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

55
Q

Discuss water solubility of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

A

carbs and some proteins are water-soluble, lipids and other proteins are generally not

56
Q

What is the molecular structure of an amino acid?

A

carbon ring centre with an H+, an amino group, acarboxyl group, and a reactive group

57
Q

What is the molecular structure of a peptide?

A

two or more amino acids, chained together

58
Q

What is the molecular structure of a protein?

A

one or more polypeptide chains

59
Q

What is the molecular structure of a polypeptide?

A

two or more peptides, chained together

60
Q

What is the chemical composition of a lipid?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

61
Q

List five types of lipids

A

fatty acids, steroids, phospholids, trigylcerides, eicosanoids, fat-soluble vitamins, and lipoproteins

62
Q

What is the molecular structure of a fatty acid?

A

a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain

63
Q

What is the molecular structure of cholesterol?

A

four carbon rings and a hydrocarbon tail

64
Q

What is the function of an eicosanoid lipid?

A

modify responses to hormones, participate in allergic and inflammatory responses

65
Q

What is the function of a steroid?

A

hormones, structural component (rigidity) of cell membranes, cofactor in digestion and calcium absorption

66
Q

What is the function of trigylcerides?

A

insulation, cushioning, energy storage

67
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

major component of cell membranes

68
Q

What is the function of fatty acids?

A

component in triglyceride and phospholipid formation

69
Q

List three types of carbohydrates

A

sugar, starch, glycogen, cellulose

70
Q

What is the chemical composition of a carbohydrate?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

71
Q

What is the molecular structure of a monosaccharide?

A

a carbon ring containing 3-7 carbons

72
Q

What is the molecular structure of a polysaccharide?

A

two or more monosaccharides

73
Q

What type of carbohydrates are classified as simple sugars?

A

mono- or disaccharides

74
Q

What is the molecular structure of starch, glycogen, or cellulose?

A

polysaccharides

75
Q

What is the function of simple sugars, glycogen, starch, and cellulose?

A

source of energy for generating ATP, except cellulose which cannot be digested and is used as bulk for elimination

76
Q

Describe a protein’s primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids within a polypeptide chain

77
Q

Describe a protein’s secondary structure

A

hydrogen bonds on the chain cause the chain to twist and fold (e.g. helices or pleated sheets)

78
Q

Describe a protein’s tertiary structure

A

overall folding pattern of the polypeptide chain on itself

79
Q

Describe a protein’s tertiary structure

A

arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains relative to one another

80
Q

Describe the two classifications of proteins based on shape

A

fibrous and globular

81
Q

What is the shape and function of a fibrous protein?

A

polypeptide chains parallel to one another, structural functions

82
Q

What is the shape and function of a globular protein?

A

polypeptide chains spherical in shape, metabolic functions

83
Q

Give two examples of a fibrous protein?

A

collagen, elastin, keratin, actin & myosin

84
Q

Give three examples of globular proteins?

A

catalysts, haemoglobin, membrane components, insulin hormone, antibodies

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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