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anatomy and physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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2
Q

define epithelial tissue

A

Sheets of cells which cover and line other tissues
Protect underlying tissues, may act to filter biochemical substances,
Each has an apical surface and a basal surface,
Lateral surfaces connected to neighbouring cells by junctional complexes

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3
Q

define apical

A

faces outside of the organ/structure

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4
Q

define basal

A

faces the basal lamina (base layer) and blood vessels

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5
Q

define connective tissue

A

supports and connects tissues throughout the body

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6
Q

define muscle tissue

A

create movement and force around the body

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7
Q

define nervous tissue

A

coordinates and controls body’s functions and activities

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8
Q

types of cellular junctions

A

tight
desmosomes
gap

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9
Q

define tight cellular junction

A

fusion of layers, no leaks (urinary bladder/digestive tract)

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10
Q

define desmosomes cellular junction

A

mechanical interlocking, repeated tension and stretching (skin, heart, uterus)

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11
Q

define gap cellular junction

A

tubular proteins, connect to allow gas exchange (intestinal/epithelial cells, heart/smooth tissues)

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12
Q

what is a simple layer (epithelial)

A

single layer of epithelial tissue

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13
Q

what is stratified layer (epithelial)

A

multiple layers of epithelial tissue

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14
Q

what are the type of shapes?

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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15
Q

define cilia

A

a protein made by cells

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16
Q

define keratin

A

helps ‘transport’ materials

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17
Q

define villi

A

located in the small intestine, made up of cells lined with microvilli

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18
Q

define simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer, flat celled
O2 movement into capillaries
fragile and thin
lines the surface, involved with passage of gas/liquids (diffusion)
flat/smooth

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19
Q

define simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer, cube shaped
covers external surfaces
round, dark staining nuclei
occurs where secretion and absorption takes place (lining renal tubes/kidneys)

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20
Q

define simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer, elongated, closely packed together
nuclei aligned in a row at base of cell near basement membrane
found in excretory ducts and digestive tract
digestive tract is covered by an apical (surface) specialisation

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21
Q

define stratified squamous epithelium

A

multi-layered
occurs in mechanical and chemical stress
protects underlying tissues
found in skin, oral cavity and oesophagus

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22
Q

define stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

2 layers of cuboidal cells
found in large excretory ducts (activates salivary glands)
protects underlying tissues

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23
Q

define stratified columnar epithelium

A

only found in selective parts of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems along some excretory ducts (e.g. urethra)
functions in secretion and protection

24
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer, irregular shaped
nuclei found in different levels, across length of tissue
found in respiratory tract and some male reproductive tract (vas deferens)

25
transitional epithelium
(stratified epithelium with basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells and superficial (outer most layer) or squamous layer of cuboidal cells) found in area required to expand and contrast for functions bladder and uterus
26
define exocrine glands
discharge secretion via ducts directly into local areas, apart from goblet cells unicellular or multicelluar
27
define endocrine glands
do not have ducts, or tubules, distributed around the body produces/secretes hormones into bloodstream or lymphatic system multicellular
28
what are the 3 exocrine cell types
apocrine merocrine holocrine
29
define apocrine
stores secretions and releases into membrane
30
define merocrine
package secretions and releases via exocytosis (materials exit the cell)
31
define holocrine
store secretions and releases them with entire contents of cell
32
define goblet cell
unicellular exocrine gland ductless and composed of modified columnar epithelial cell among columnar cells of respiratory and digestive systems and conjunctiva of the eye secretes mucin (mucous)
33
what are the functions of connective tissues
structural connections between other tissues protective sheath to insulate body reserve for energy composes medium that transports substances from one region to another healing process and control of invading microorganisms
34
definition of ground substances
cells exchange nutrients and waste through the bloodstream, no shape
35
types of protein fibres
collagen elastin
36
define collagen
dense, strong and fibrous, found in ligaments/tendons
37
define elastin
allows stretch and compliance, found in skin, blood vessels, vocal tissues and lungs
38
function of cells in connective tissues
involved in production and maintenance of matrix (chondroblast- cartilage/osteoblasts- bone)
39
define transient
repair and protection of tissues (leukocytes- mast cell)
40
define loose connective tissue examples
greater space between protein fibres adipose and areolar
41
define dense connective tissue example
lesser space between protein fibres dense regular, dense irregular and dense elastic
42
define areolar connective tissue
fibres and cells suspended in a thick, translucent ground substances predominant cell is the fibroblast surrounds every organ; forms the layer that connects skin to muscle; envelopes blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes; present in all mucous membranes
43
define adipose connective tissue
highly vascular acts as an energy storehouse and a thermal insulator (almost unlimited storage)
44
define dense regular connective tissue
composed of tightly packed, parallel collagen fibres relatively avascular makes up tendons and ligaments can be found in fascial sheets that cover muscles
45
define dense irregular connective tissue
composed primarily of collagen fibres arranged in thick bundles fibres are interwoven to form a single sheet found in dermis of the skin and in the fibrous coverings of many organs forms the tough capsule of joints
46
define tendons
attach bone to muscle
46
define dense elastic connective tissue
primarily composed of elastic fibres fibres may be arranged parallel or in interwoven patterns with fibroblasts and collagenous fibres interspersed found in spaces between vertebrae and in areas of the body that require stretching
47
define ligaments
attach bone to bone
48
define cartilage types of cartilage
found in joints, ear, nose and vocal cords forms a framework on which bone is formed no innervation; avascular (no blood supply hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
49
define chondrocytes how are chondrocytes formed
cartilage cells chondroblasts develop into chondrocytes
50
what fibres are found in the matrix
collagen fibres are most commonly found, but elastic fibres are also present in varying amount
51
define hyaline cartilage
most common type found in-between joints and in embryonic skeleton
52
define elastic cartilage
higher level of elastin found in larynx and pinna
53
define fibrocartilage
found in-between vertebrae (intravertebral disc)
54
define mucous membrane
line organs with connections to the outside environment (mouth, intestines, nasal passage) composed of stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue (areolar) produces mucus via goblet cells

anatomy and physiology (11 decks)

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