muscles

Question 1

what are the 3 types of muscles?

Answer 1

cardiac
skeletal
smooth

Question 2

where is the cardiac muscle located?

Answer 2

ventricular and atrial walls of the heart

Question 3

does the cardiac muscle become fatigued?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

what is the cardiac muscle controlled by?

Answer 4

automatic nervous system

Question 5

how does the cardiac muscle contract?

Answer 5

contracts rhythmically throughout its lifespan

Question 6

what is the smooth muscle controlled by?

Answer 6

automatic nervous system

Question 7

where is smooth muscle located?

Answer 7

internal organs
important for digestive system

Question 8

how does smooth muscle contract?

Answer 8

rhythmically, which aids in food passing along digestive tract (peristalsis)

Question 9

what is the skeletal muscle essential for?

Answer 9

voluntary movement

Question 10

what is the skeletal muscle controlled by?

Answer 10

voluntary nervous system/somatic
sends messages from central nervous system to muscle tissue

Question 11

define origin

Answer 11

proximal attachment to skeleton

Question 12

define insertion

Answer 12

distal attachment to skeleton

Question 12

define action

Answer 12

function of muscle, e.g. flex shoulder joint

Question 12

define belly

Answer 12

main part of the muscle

Question 12

define tendon

Answer 12

band of strong fibrous tissue, connects muscle to bone

Question 13

define ligament

Answer 13

band of tissue connecting bone to bone or cartilage

Question 13

define aponeurosis

Answer 13

sheet-like tendon, broad attachment e.g. attachment of abdominal tissues (linea alba)

Question 14

what are motor neurons?

Answer 14

interact with muscles at neuromuscular junction/motor endplate

Question 15

what is the whole muscle enclosed with?

Answer 15

its enclosed in sheath muscle, epimysium

Question 16

what is epimysium?

Answer 16

cain large number of smaller bundles called fasciculi

Question 17

what surround fasciculi?

Answer 17

connective tissues called perimysium

Question 18

define myocyte

Answer 18

a muscle cell

Question 19

define sarcolemma

Answer 19

cell membrane of muscle cell

Question 20

define myofibrils

Answer 20

small units within each muscle fibre/cell
gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance
made up of actin and myosin - join together to contract muscle

Question 21

define sarcoplasm

Answer 21

cytoplasm within muscle cell (contain myofibrils)

Question 22

define fascicle

Answer 22

group of muscle cells grouped together in parallel within a connective tissue sheath called the perimysium

Question 23

define endomysium

Answer 23

layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fibre

Question 24

define epimysium

Answer 24

connective tissue around the outside of a whole muscle

Question 25

define perimysium

Answer 25

the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres.

Question 26

do muscles need energy to contract?

Answer 26

yes requires ATP

Question 27

calcium ions

Answer 27

released from sarcoplasm reticulum, facilitate muscle contraction

Question 28

define extensor

Answer 28

increase angle between 2 bones

Question 29

define flexor

Answer 29

decrease angle between 2 bones

Question 30

define rotation

Answer 30

movement of a limb around long axis

Question 31

define protract

Answer 31

to move body part forward

Question 32

define retract

Answer 32

to retract body part/limb

Question 33

define supination

Answer 33

palm up

Question 34

define pronation

Answer 34

palm down

Question 35

define agonist

Answer 35

movement of muscles that cause prime movement

Question 36

define anatagonsist

Answer 36

muscles responsible for opposite action

Question 37

define bursa

Answer 37

fluid filled sac located between a tendon, ligament or muscle- reduces

Question 38

define facias

Answer 38

formed with thin connective tissue, may separate/surround or connect muscles and act as a fat store

Question 39

what is epaxial

Answer 39

located above the spinal column lies dorsal to transverse process, support spine/extend vertebrae column, allows lateral flexion

Question 40

what is hypaxial

Answer 40

located below the spinal column lies ventral to vertebral column, flex the neck and tail. contribute to flexion of vertebral column

Question 41

what is external intercostals

Answer 41

each muscle generates from caudal border of 1 rib. attaches to cranial border. assists with respiration

Question 42

what is internal intercostals

Answer 42

lie below external intercostals, assist in expiration

Question 43

define diaphragm

Answer 43

smooth muscle within respiratory system (autonomic control)

Question 44

define trapezius

Answer 44

attaches to spine of scapula, protracts the limb

Question 45

define supraspinatus

Answer 45

fills supraspinous fossa of scapula, extends and stabilizers shoulder

Question 46

define infraspinatus

Answer 46

stabilises and flexes shoulder joint

Question 47

define pectorals

Answer 47

from ribs to sternum, insert into humerus (adduct forelimb)

Question 48

define latissimus dorsi

Answer 48

large fan-shaped muscle, thoracic spine- inserting onto humerus (retracts forelimb)

Question 49

define brachiocephalic

Answer 49

base of skull- inserts onto base of humerus. when limb places, aids flexion of neck

Question 50

define biceps brachii

Answer 50

flexes the elbow joint

Question 51

define triceps brachii

Answer 51

extends elbow joint

Question 52

define brachialis

Answer 52

flexes the elbow joint

Question 53

define carpal extensors

Answer 53

originates from humerus, inserting onto carpals, running front of distal limb

Question 54

define carpal flexors

Answer 54

run behind carpus and foot

Question 55

define digital extensors

Answer 55

originates from humerus and insert onto third phalanx

Question 56

define digital flexors

Answer 56

superficial inserts onto second phalanx, deep inserts onto third

Question 57

define gluteal

Answer 57

superficial, middle and deep. extend the hip joint and abduct the thigh

Question 58

define hamstring group

Answer 58

propel and extend whole limb backwards (retract) providing propulsion

Question 59

define biceps femoris

Answer 59

originates from pelvis to the tibia over the femur, inserts onto calcaneus

Question 60

define semitendinosus

Answer 60

from pelvis to tibia and calcaneus. extends to hip, flexes stifle and extends the hock

Question 61

define semimembranosus

Answer 61

most medial. from pelvis to tibia and fibula. extends the hip and flexes the stifle

Question 62

define quadriceps femoris

Answer 62

large muscle runs down the cranial aspect for the thigh. insert onto the tibial tuberosity/crest. tendon contains the patella. extends the stifle