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anatomy and physiology > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscles?

A

cardiac
skeletal
smooth

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2
Q

where is the cardiac muscle located?

A

ventricular and atrial walls of the heart

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3
Q

does the cardiac muscle become fatigued?

A

no

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4
Q

what is the cardiac muscle controlled by?

A

automatic nervous system

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5
Q

how does the cardiac muscle contract?

A

contracts rhythmically throughout its lifespan

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6
Q

what is the smooth muscle controlled by?

A

automatic nervous system

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7
Q

where is smooth muscle located?

A

internal organs
important for digestive system

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8
Q

how does smooth muscle contract?

A

rhythmically, which aids in food passing along digestive tract (peristalsis)

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9
Q

what is the skeletal muscle essential for?

A

voluntary movement

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10
Q

what is the skeletal muscle controlled by?

A

voluntary nervous system/somatic
sends messages from central nervous system to muscle tissue

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11
Q

define origin

A

proximal attachment to skeleton

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12
Q

define insertion

A

distal attachment to skeleton

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12
Q

define action

A

function of muscle, e.g. flex shoulder joint

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12
Q

define belly

A

main part of the muscle

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12
Q

define tendon

A

band of strong fibrous tissue, connects muscle to bone

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13
Q

define ligament

A

band of tissue connecting bone to bone or cartilage

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13
Q

define aponeurosis

A

sheet-like tendon, broad attachment e.g. attachment of abdominal tissues (linea alba)

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14
Q

what are motor neurons?

A

interact with muscles at neuromuscular junction/motor endplate

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15
Q

what is the whole muscle enclosed with?

A

its enclosed in sheath muscle, epimysium

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16
Q

what is epimysium?

A

cain large number of smaller bundles called fasciculi

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17
Q

what surround fasciculi?

A

connective tissues called perimysium

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18
Q

define myocyte

A

a muscle cell

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19
Q

define sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle cell

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20
Q

define myofibrils

A

small units within each muscle fibre/cell
gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance
made up of actin and myosin - join together to contract muscle

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21
Q

define sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm within muscle cell (contain myofibrils)

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22
Q

define fascicle

A

group of muscle cells grouped together in parallel within a connective tissue sheath called the perimysium

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23
Q

define endomysium

A

layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fibre

24
Q

define epimysium

A

connective tissue around the outside of a whole muscle

25
Q

define perimysium

A

the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres.

26
Q

do muscles need energy to contract?

A

yes requires ATP

27
Q

calcium ions

A

released from sarcoplasm reticulum, facilitate muscle contraction

28
Q

define extensor

A

increase angle between 2 bones

29
Q

define flexor

A

decrease angle between 2 bones

30
Q

define rotation

A

movement of a limb around long axis

31
Q

define protract

A

to move body part forward

32
Q

define retract

A

to retract body part/limb

33
Q

define supination

A

palm up

34
Q

define pronation

A

palm down

35
Q

define agonist

A

movement of muscles that cause prime movement

36
Q

define anatagonsist

A

muscles responsible for opposite action

37
Q

define bursa

A

fluid filled sac located between a tendon, ligament or muscle- reduces

38
Q

define facias

A

formed with thin connective tissue, may separate/surround or connect muscles and act as a fat store

39
Q

what is epaxial

A

located above the spinal column
lies dorsal to transverse process, support spine/extend vertebrae column, allows lateral flexion

40
Q

what is hypaxial

A

located below the spinal column
lies ventral to vertebral column, flex the neck and tail. contribute to flexion of vertebral column

41
Q

what is external intercostals

A

each muscle generates from caudal border of 1 rib. attaches to cranial border. assists with respiration

42
Q

what is internal intercostals

A

lie below external intercostals, assist in expiration

43
Q

define diaphragm

A

smooth muscle within respiratory system (autonomic control)

44
Q

define trapezius

A

attaches to spine of scapula, protracts the limb

45
Q

define supraspinatus

A

fills supraspinous fossa of scapula, extends and stabilizers shoulder

46
Q

define infraspinatus

A

stabilises and flexes shoulder joint

47
Q

define pectorals

A

from ribs to sternum, insert into humerus (adduct forelimb)

48
Q

define latissimus dorsi

A

large fan-shaped muscle, thoracic spine- inserting onto humerus (retracts forelimb)

49
Q

define brachiocephalic

A

base of skull- inserts onto base of humerus. when limb places, aids flexion of neck

50
Q

define biceps brachii

A

flexes the elbow joint

51
Q

define triceps brachii

A

extends elbow joint

52
Q

define brachialis

A

flexes the elbow joint

53
Q

define carpal extensors

A

originates from humerus, inserting onto carpals, running front of distal limb

54
Q

define carpal flexors

A

run behind carpus and foot

55
Q

define digital extensors

A

originates from humerus and insert onto third phalanx

56
Q

define digital flexors

A

superficial inserts onto second phalanx, deep inserts onto third

57
Q

define gluteal

A

superficial, middle and deep. extend the hip joint and abduct the thigh

58
Q

define hamstring group

A

propel and extend whole limb backwards (retract) providing propulsion

59
Q

define biceps femoris

A

originates from pelvis to the tibia over the femur, inserts onto calcaneus

60
Q

define semitendinosus

A

from pelvis to tibia and calcaneus. extends to hip, flexes stifle and extends the hock

61
Q

define semimembranosus

A

most medial.
from pelvis to tibia and fibula. extends the hip and flexes the stifle

62
Q

define quadriceps femoris

A

large muscle runs down the cranial aspect for the thigh. insert onto the tibial tuberosity/crest. tendon contains the patella. extends the stifle

anatomy and physiology (11 decks)

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