tissues

Question 1

physical properties of epithelial tissue

Answer 1

• Densely arranged layers with fine spaces
• Sheet like arrangements (glands)

Question 2

Types of epithelial tissue

Answer 2

Membranous, glandular

Question 3

What does membranous epithelial tissue do?

Answer 3

Lines the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, respiratory tract, digestive tract (oesophagus)

Question 4

What does glandular epithelium do?

Answer 4

Follicles in endocrine and exocrine glands

Question 5

What are 5 functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

• Protection- skin
• Absorption- epithelium of gut and lungs
• Excretion- waste in kidneys
• Secretion- hormones
• Sensory- ear, nose, eye, skin

Question 6

What is found in the spaces between epithelial cells?

Answer 6

Interstitial fluid

Question 7

Describe interstitial fluid.

Answer 7

Fluid which helps to bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste.

Question 8

What connects epithelial tissue and connective tissue?

Answer 8

The basement membrane.

Question 9

What is the function of the basement membrane

Answer 9

To feed epithelial cells.

Question 10

What are some types of epithelium?

Answer 10

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, (simple, stratified)

Question 11

What is the extracellular matrix

Answer 11

the outer shell of mammalian cells

Question 12

are epithelial cells high or low in ECM?

Answer 12

low-tightly packed

Question 13

Are connective tissues high or low in ECM?

Answer 13

high- loosely packed

Question 14

What are some types of ECM?

Answer 14

• proteinaceous fibres
• mineralised crystals

Question 15

what does the phospholipid bilayer do?

Answer 15

surround, support, give structure to cells and control entry and exit of waste and nutrients

Question 16

Describe collagen.

Answer 16

the most abundant structural protein fibre, a triple helix of collagen fibres

Question 17

What is the structure of elastin?

Answer 17

Random coil formations that can be easily stretched- held together by microfilaments.

Question 18

What is connective tissue mostly made up of?

Answer 18

ECM

Question 19

What does connective tissue do?

Answer 19

Connects tissues to each other

Question 20

What are the two main types of connective tissue?

Answer 20

• Fibrous connective tissue
• Blood

Question 21

Connective tissue is the human version of what?

Answer 21

The cytoskeleton

Question 22

What are some types of fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 22

• loose
• dense irregular
• dense regular
• reticular (bone marrow)
• Adipose (fat)

Question 23

What are some types of ‘blood’ connective tissue?

Answer 23

• Bone
• Cartilage

Question 24

What are some additional types of connective tissue?

Answer 24

Bone, muscle, nervous tissue

Question 25

Describe loose fibrous connective tissue.

Answer 25

The most commonly distributed type in the body, like an elastic glue- hyaluronic acid (formed by fibroblasts)

Question 26

What are the two types of dense fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 26

- Regular - Irregular

Question 27

What does dense fibrous connective tissue have few of?

Answer 27

Fibroblasts

Question 28

What is the arrangement of irregular dense fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 28

Forms a tough mat ie dermis of skin, outer layer of muscles

Question 29

What is the arrangement of regular dense fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 29

mainly collagen (tendons) or elastin bundles (arteries)

Question 30

Why is blood a unique connective tissue?

Answer 30

It is a liquid

Question 31

What are the main functions of blood?

Answer 31

- Transport of gas, nutrients, waste - Homeostasis of temp, glucose, pH - Defence (immune system to destroy invaders)

Question 32

How and where is blood formed?

Answer 32

Haemotopoiesus in the red bone marrow

Question 33

What organelles do red blood cells have?

Answer 33

ribosomes, mittochondria, no nucleus (they are mainly haemoglobin)

Question 34

What makes red blood cells flexible?

Answer 34

Their spectrin fibre cytoskeleton

Question 35

What is it called when there are too few red blood cells?

Answer 35

Anaemia

Question 36

What is it called when there are too many red blood cells?

Answer 36

polycythemia

Question 37

What do red blood cells have on their surface?

Answer 37

Antigens

Question 38

What does plasma have?

Answer 38

Antibodies

Question 39

What forms the basis for ABO blood groupings?

Answer 39

Antigens on RBCs and Antibodies in plasma.

Question 40

What will incompatible blood transfusions result in?

Answer 40

- Agglutination (clumping) - Possibly death

Question 41

Describe type A blood.

Answer 41

- A antigens on RBCs - B antibodies in plasma (attack B antigens)

Question 42

Describe type B blood.

Answer 42

- B antigens on RBCs - A antibodies in plasma (attack A antigens)

Question 43

Describe type AB blood.

Answer 43

- Both A and B antigens on RBCs - No antibodies in plasma- dont attack!

Question 44

What is type AB blood also referred to as?

Answer 44

Universal acceptor.

Question 45

Describe type O blood.

Answer 45

- No antigens on RBCs - Both A and B antibodies in plasma- attacks A and B!

Question 46

What is type O blood also referred to as?

Answer 46

Universal donor.

Question 47

What is the significance of blood clotting (coagulation)

Answer 47

- Plugs leaks in blood vessels - Can isolate and trap invaders

Question 48

Why must blood clotting be controlled?

Answer 48

Conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (clot in deep vein ie leg) can occur, clot can become dislodged and move to lungs-death

Question 49

What are responsible for blood clotting?

Answer 49

platelets

Question 50

How does a blood clot form?

Answer 50

Thrombin (clotting enzyme) -> fibronigen -> fibrin